{"id":16464,"date":"2023-10-10T16:27:16","date_gmt":"2023-10-10T14:27:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/blog\/je-dobre-vediet\/interview-with-an-expert-in-recycling-and-waste-management-ing-jiri-fiedor-ph-d\/"},"modified":"2024-01-02T17:02:53","modified_gmt":"2024-01-02T16:02:53","slug":"rozhovor-s-jirim-fiedorom-odbornikom-na-recyklaciu-a-odpadove-hospodarstvo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/sk\/blog\/rozhovory-a-videa-s-odbornikmi\/rozhovor-s-jirim-fiedorom-odbornikom-na-recyklaciu-a-odpadove-hospodarstvo\/","title":{"rendered":"Rozhovor s Ji\u0159\u00edm Fiedorom \u2013 odborn\u00edkom na recykl\u00e1ciu a odpadov\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rstvo"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V rozhovore s odborn\u00edkom sa venujeme problematike recykl\u00e1cie v \u010ceskej republike. Ing. Ji\u0159\u00ed Fiedor, Ph.D. n\u00e1m pribli\u017euje v\u00fdzvy a rie\u0161enia v oblasti odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva. Pre\u010do st\u00e1le prevl\u00e1da skl\u00e1dkovanie, hoci odpad m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zdrojom energie? Ako komplikuj\u00fa triedenie zmie\u0161an\u00e9 obaly a nejasn\u00e9 ozna\u010dovanie? A pre\u010do \u010cesk\u00e1 republika zatia\u013e nesplnila normy E\u00da?<\/p>\n

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Ing. Ji\u0159\u00ed Fiedor, Ph.D. p\u00f4sob\u00ed na Katedre ch\u00e9mie a fyzik\u00e1lnych chemick\u00fdch procesov V\u0160B – Technickej univerzity v Ostrave. Hoci p\u00f4vodne \u0161tudoval odbor \u00daprava a Technol\u00f3gia Vody, osud ho zavial do oblasti odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva, kde mu u\u010darovali technol\u00f3gie spracovania odpadov. Jeho kari\u00e9ra je spojen\u00e1 s v\u00fdskumom vplyvu priemyseln\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie, najm\u00e4 na vodu a ovzdu\u0161ie<\/strong>. Ji\u0159\u00ed sledoval dynamick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva a bol svedkom technologick\u00e9ho pokroku, ktor\u00fd bol podmienen\u00fd legislat\u00edvnymi zmenami. Jeho nad\u0161enie a odborn\u00e9 znalosti v tejto oblasti s\u00fa zrejm\u00e9 z jeho dlhoro\u010dnej spolupr\u00e1ce s priemyseln\u00fdmi partnermi.<\/p>\n

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Ovplyv\u0148uje v\u00e1s nejak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom va\u0161a pr\u00e1ca? Ke\u010f viete, \u010do sa deje s odpadom a \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, sna\u017e\u00edte sa vy osobne minimalizova\u0165 vplyv na \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie?<\/p>\n

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Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Moja pr\u00e1ca sa stala nielen mojou profesiou, ale aj moj\u00edm kon\u00ed\u010dkom. T\u00e9ma odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 a v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uje ka\u017edodenn\u00fd \u017eivot n\u00e1s v\u0161etk\u00fdch. C\u00edtim potrebu \u0161\u00edri\u0165 inform\u00e1cie o tom, \u010do sa deje s odpadom po jeho ulo\u017een\u00ed do kontajnera, a vzdel\u00e1va\u0165 aj \u0161irok\u00fa verejnos\u0165. Samozrejme, s odpadom z dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed sa sna\u017e\u00edm naklada\u0165 \u010do najzodpovednej\u0161ie, v s\u00falade s platnou legislat\u00edvou. Svojim de\u0165om \u010dasto vysvet\u013eujem, \u010do sa deje alebo by sa malo dia\u0165 s r\u00f4znymi druhmi odpadu. D\u00fafam, \u017ee ich to e\u0161te neomrzelo\u2026\ud83d\ude0a<\/p>\n

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Spom\u00ednam si, \u017ee na hodin\u00e1ch odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva ste povedali ,,Najlep\u0161\u00ed odpad je ten, ktor\u00fd v\u00f4bec neexistuje.“ Je mo\u017en\u00e9, aby v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti alebo v bud\u00facnosti odpad v\u00f4bec nevznikal?<\/p>\n

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Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Je pravda, \u017ee v minulosti som \u010dasto tvrdil, \u017ee ide\u00e1lne by bolo, keby nevznikal \u017eiadny odpad. \u010casom som v\u0161ak pochopil, \u017ee realita je zlo\u017eitej\u0161ia. Dnes sa pevne dr\u017e\u00edm hierarchie odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva, ktor\u00e1 plat\u00ed pre v\u0161etky krajiny E\u00da. Pre preh\u013eadnos\u0165 ju zhrniem:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ak vznik\u00e1 odpad, mali by sme sa sna\u017ei\u0165 \u010do najviac ho op\u00e4tovne pou\u017ei\u0165. Napr\u00edklad bo\u010dn\u00e9 zrkadlo z vyraden\u00e9ho vozidla m\u00f4\u017ee posl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 in\u00e9mu vozidlu.<\/li>\n
  2. Odpad by sa mal prednostne materi\u00e1lovo vyu\u017ei\u0165, t. j. recyklova\u0165. Cie\u013eom je v tomto pr\u00edpade premeni\u0165 odpad na suroviny na \u010fal\u0161iu v\u00fdrobu. Napr\u00edklad PET f\u013ea\u0161a sa m\u00f4\u017ee rozdrvi\u0165, roztavi\u0165 a premeni\u0165 na textiln\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna na v\u00fdrobu spac\u00edch vakov alebo kobercov. Tento proces si vy\u017eaduje \u010dist\u00fd vstupn\u00fd materi\u00e1l.<\/li>\n
  3. Ak odpad nie je vhodn\u00fd na recykl\u00e1ciu, ale obsahuje energiu, mal by sa pou\u017ei\u0165 na v\u00fdrobu energie, \u010di u\u017e tepelnej alebo elektrickej.<\/li>\n
  4. Ako posledn\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 v hierarchii by sa mal odpad sp\u00e1li\u0165 bez vyu\u017eitia tepla alebo bezpe\u010dne zlikvidova\u0165 na zabezpe\u010denej skl\u00e1dke.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Teoreticky, ak by odpad v\u00f4bec neexistoval, nemal by som pr\u00e1cu. \ud83d\ude0a<\/p>\n

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    Plast je neuverite\u013ene u\u017eito\u010dn\u00fd a v\u0161adepr\u00edtomn\u00fd, ale zd\u00e1 sa, \u017ee s n\u00edm nevieme spr\u00e1vne zaobch\u00e1dza\u0165. Ako vid\u00edte situ\u00e1ciu v oblasti recykl\u00e1cie plastov?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:\u00a0<\/strong>Recykl\u00e1cia plastov je v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti v krajin\u00e1ch E\u00da ve\u013emi aktu\u00e1lnou t\u00e9mou<\/strong>. Vo zvy\u0161ku sveta to nie je tak\u00e9 naliehav\u00e9 a niekedy sa t\u00e1to ot\u00e1zka v\u00f4bec nerie\u0161i. V Eur\u00f3pe je najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom likvid\u00e1cie plastov\u00e9ho odpadu jeho \u010fal\u0161ie vyu\u017eitie na energetick\u00e9 zhodnotenie, pri\u010dom recykl\u00e1cia je a\u017e na druhom mieste. Pribli\u017ene \u0161tvrtina v\u0161etk\u00e9ho plastov\u00e9ho odpadu kon\u010d\u00ed na skl\u00e1dkach. Cie\u013eom E\u00da je do roku 2030 recyklova\u0165 55 % plastov\u00fdch obalov<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Polovica plastov ur\u010den\u00fdch na recykl\u00e1ciu sa vyv\u00e1\u017ea mimo E\u00da. D\u00f4vodom s\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 kapacity, technologick\u00e9 a finan\u010dn\u00e9 obmedzenia pri spracovan\u00ed odpadu v Eur\u00f3pe. V\u00fdvoz odpadu z E\u00da do kraj\u00edn mimo jej hran\u00edc v roku 2020 dosiahol 32,7 mili\u00f3na ton<\/strong>, pri\u010dom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z neho smerovala do Turecka, Indie a Egypta. E\u0161te pred nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi rokmi boli hlavn\u00fdmi destin\u00e1ciami \u010c\u00edna a Malajzia, ale v t\u00fdchto krajin\u00e1ch do\u0161lo k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu zn\u00ed\u017eeniu prij\u00edmania plastov\u00e9ho odpadu.<\/p>\n

    Hlavn\u00fdmi v\u00fdzvami pri recykl\u00e1cii plastov s\u00fa kvalita a n\u00e1klady na recyklovan\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky v porovnan\u00ed s v\u00fdrobou nov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov. V\u00fdrobcovia plastov toti\u017e vy\u017eaduj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00e1 recyklovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu spracovan\u00e9ho pod\u013ea pr\u00edsne kontrolovan\u00fdch \u0161pecifik\u00e1ci\u00ed (t. j. vysok\u00e1 vstupn\u00e1 \u010distota plastov\u00e9ho odpadu do recykla\u010dn\u00e9ho zariadenia) a, samozrejme, za konkurencieschopn\u00fa cenu.<\/p>\n

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    Ako je to s recykl\u00e1ciou plastov v \u010ceskej republike?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> V \u010ceskej republike zostan\u00fa tento rok v recykla\u010dn\u00fdch centr\u00e1ch pravdepodobne nevyu\u017eit\u00e9 desiatky tis\u00edc ton plastov\u00e9ho odpadu. Hoci z\u00e1kon o odpadoch zakazuje uklada\u0165 nevyu\u017eit\u00e9 zvy\u0161ky plastov z triediacich liniek na skl\u00e1dky, spracovatelia odpadov \u010dasto nevedia, ako s t\u00fdmito plastmi nalo\u017ei\u0165, preto\u017ee pre ne nemaj\u00fa odbyt. T\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia odha\u013euje dlhodob\u00fd probl\u00e9m \u010desk\u00e9ho odpadov\u00e9ho priemyslu: plasty sa \u010dasto nerecykluj\u00fa a kapacity na ich spracovanie s\u00fa nedostato\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

    Obsah \u017elt\u00fdch kontajnerov smeruje na triediace linky, kde pracovn\u00edci vyberaj\u00fa plasty vhodn\u00e9 na predaj. Zvy\u010dajne ide o PET a dut\u00e9 plasty, napr\u00edklad n\u00e1doby na \u010distiace prostriedky. Vyh\u013ead\u00e1van\u00e9 s\u00fa najm\u00e4 bezfarebn\u00e9 PET f\u013ea\u0161e. Odhaduje sa, \u017ee a\u017e 50 % obsahu \u017elt\u00fdch kontajnerov sa \u0165a\u017eko recykluje, najm\u00e4 z d\u00f4vodu nedostatku recykla\u010dn\u00fdch kapac\u00edt v \u010ceskej republike.<\/p>\n

    Zber a recykl\u00e1ciu obalov v \u010ceskej republike riadi spolo\u010dnos\u0165 EKO-KOM a.s., ktor\u00e1 je financovan\u00e1 z povinn\u00fdch poplatkov od v\u00fdrobcov a dovozcov plastov\u00fdch obalov<\/strong>. EKO-KOM m\u00e1 vybudovan\u00fa rozsiahlu sie\u0165 zbern\u00fdch n\u00e1dob a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina jeho rozpo\u010dtu je ur\u010den\u00e1 na organiz\u00e1ciu a zber t\u00fdchto n\u00e1dob. Len 6 % rozpo\u010dtu je ur\u010den\u00fdch na podporu recykl\u00e1cie. Toto rozdelenie zdrojov je jedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4vodov, pre\u010do v \u010ceskej republike nie je dostatok firiem schopn\u00fdch vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 plastov\u00fd regranul\u00e1t a pre\u010do sa \u010dasto dov\u00e1\u017ea z Nemecka, kde je lacnej\u0161\u00ed.
    Pod\u013ea ofici\u00e1lnych \u00fadajov spolo\u010dnosti EKO-KOM sa 76 % vyroben\u00fdch obalov posiela na \u010fal\u0161ie spracovanie a recykl\u00e1ciu<\/strong>. Z toho 44 % triedia obyvatelia v komun\u00e1lnych syst\u00e9moch a 56 % triedia priemyseln\u00e9 podniky a maloobchodn\u00e9 siete. V\u010faka tomuto efekt\u00edvnemu syst\u00e9mu \u010cesk\u00e1 republika u\u017e splnila niektor\u00e9 eur\u00f3pske ciele stanoven\u00e9 na rok 2025.<\/p>\n

    \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u00e1 kvalitn\u00fa sie\u0165 recykla\u010dn\u00fdch kontajnerov. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti ich je viac ako 558 000<\/strong>, \u010do predstavuje v priemere jedno zbern\u00e9 miesto na ka\u017ed\u00fdch 100 obyvate\u013eov. K najbli\u017e\u0161iemu kontajneru mus\u00edme prejs\u0165 v priemere len 90 metrov. V roku 2020 bolo viac ako 40 % vytrieden\u00fdch plastov\u00fdch obalov odovzdan\u00fdch na mechanick\u00fa recykl\u00e1ciu<\/strong>. Zvy\u0161ok bol spracovan\u00fd na certifikovan\u00e9 alternat\u00edvne palivo alebo pou\u017eit\u00fd na \u00fa\u010dely energetick\u00e9ho zhodnotenia.<\/p>\n

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    V \u010ceskej republike sa recykluje relat\u00edvne dobre, ale ako je to vo zvy\u0161ku sveta? Viem, \u017ee \u013eudia \u017eij\u00faci v USA mi povedali, \u017ee recykl\u00e1cia je tam \u00fapln\u00fd podvod, \u017ee v\u0161etko sa rob\u00ed na oko a \u017ee plasty sa v skuto\u010dnosti nerecykluj\u00fa. Je to pravda?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Bohu\u017eia\u013e, situ\u00e1cia v oblasti recykl\u00e1cie plastov v USA nie je tak\u00e1 optimistick\u00e1, ako by mnoh\u00ed d\u00fafali. Napriek tomu, \u017ee Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty s\u00fa jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch producentov plastov\u00e9ho odpadu na svete, ich kapacita a ochota recyklova\u0165 plasty s\u00fa nedostato\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

    Pod\u013ea v\u00fdskumnej spr\u00e1vy z roku 2019 uverejnenej v medzin\u00e1rodnom akademickom \u010dasopise „Science Advances“ s n\u00e1zvom „The United States‘ contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean“ Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty produkuj\u00fa obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estvo plastov\u00e9ho odpadu. V roku 2016 dosiahla produkcia plastov\u00e9ho odpadu v Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch najvy\u0161\u0161iu \u00farove\u0148 na svete, a to celkovo 42 mili\u00f3nov ton. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee hoci USA predstavuj\u00fa len 4 % svetovej popul\u00e1cie, s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 za 17 % celosvetov\u00e9ho plastov\u00e9ho odpadu<\/strong>.
    Paradoxne, hoci USA \u010dasto kritizuj\u00fa \u00e1zijsk\u00e9 krajiny za zne\u010distenie plastmi, samy s\u00fa hlavn\u00fdmi prispievate\u013emi tohto probl\u00e9mu. V USA sa ro\u010dne vyprodukuje 130,1 kg plastov\u00e9ho odpadu na obyvate\u013ea<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 uvedomi\u0165 si, \u017ee tento probl\u00e9m sa net\u00fdka len \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia, ale aj glob\u00e1lnej zodpovednosti. Hoci v USA existuj\u00fa snahy o zlep\u0161enie recykl\u00e1cie a zn\u00ed\u017eenie produkcie plastov\u00e9ho odpadu, st\u00e1le je potrebn\u00e9 vykona\u0165 ve\u013ea pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n

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    M\u00f4\u017eeme ur\u010di\u0165 percento recyklovate\u013en\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov (papier, plast, sklo, kov at\u010f.), ktor\u00e9 sa skuto\u010dne recykluje na nie\u010do u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9? Ak\u00e1 je skuto\u010dn\u00e1 miera recykl\u00e1cie recyklovate\u013en\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov v \u010ceskej republike?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Pri diskusii o recykl\u00e1cii v \u010ceskej republike je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zoh\u013eadni\u0165 nieko\u013eko k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdch bodov, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa celkov\u00fd obraz.<\/p>\n

    Zav\u00e1dzaj\u00face \u00fadaje o recykl\u00e1cii:<\/strong> V minulosti boli prezentovan\u00e9 \u00fadaje, ktor\u00e9 mohli vies\u0165 verejnos\u0165 k myln\u00fdm predstav\u00e1m o skuto\u010dnej miere recykl\u00e1cie plastov\u00fdch obalov. Napr\u00edklad spolo\u010dnos\u0165 EKO-KOM uviedla, \u017ee miera recykl\u00e1cie plastov\u00fdch obalov dosahuje a\u017e 69 %. Tento \u00fadaj v\u0161ak zah\u0155\u0148al v\u0161etky plasty, ktor\u00e9 pre\u0161li triediacimi zariadeniami, bez oh\u013eadu na to, \u010di boli skuto\u010dne recyklovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

    Nov\u00fd Z\u00e1kon o Odpadoch:<\/strong> od roku 2021 plat\u00ed nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon o odpadoch, ktor\u00fd predstavuje nov\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. Z\u00e1kon zakazuje skl\u00e1dkovanie predtrieden\u00e9ho odpadu s v\u00fdhrevnos\u0165ou vy\u0161\u0161ou ako 6,5 MJ\/kg v su\u0161ine. V podstate to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161etko, \u010do dobre hor\u00ed, by sa mohlo vyu\u017ei\u0165 spa\u013eovan\u00edm. Je to krok spr\u00e1vnym smerom, ale st\u00e1le je \u010do zlep\u0161ova\u0165.<\/p>\n

    Ofici\u00e1lne \u00fadaje od spolo\u010dnosti EKO-KOM:<\/strong> Pri poh\u013eade na ofici\u00e1lne \u00fadaje od spolo\u010dnosti EKO-KOM m\u00f4\u017eeme z\u00edska\u0165 jasnej\u0161\u00ed obraz o situ\u00e1cii v oblasti recykl\u00e1cie v \u010ceskej republike.<\/p>\n

    V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu, konkr\u00e9tne dve tretiny vytrieden\u00fdch odpadov z obalov v na\u0161ej krajine tvoria papier, sklo, n\u00e1pojov\u00e9 kart\u00f3ny a kovy. Miera recykl\u00e1cie t\u00fdchto materi\u00e1lov je stabiln\u00e1 a dlhodobo sa pohybuje okolo 80 %. Takmer v\u0161etok tento obalov\u00fd odpad smeruje na materi\u00e1lov\u00fa recykl\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n

    Pokia\u013e ide o spotrebite\u013esk\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 obaly, ktor\u00e9 tvoria zvy\u0161n\u00fa tretinu trieden\u00e9ho odpadu, situ\u00e1cia je trochu zlo\u017eitej\u0161ia. V roku 2020 bolo viac ako 40 % plastov z p\u00f4vodne vytrieden\u00e9ho mno\u017estva odovzdan\u00fdch na mechanick\u00fa recykl\u00e1ciu. Zvy\u0161ok bol bu\u010f spracovan\u00fd na certifikovan\u00e9 alternat\u00edvne paliv\u00e1, pou\u017eit\u00fd na energetick\u00e9 zhodnotenie, alebo ak nebol inak vyu\u017eite\u013en\u00fd, bol odoslan\u00fd na skl\u00e1dky.<\/p>\n

    Ak sa pozrieme na odhady pre rok 2020 v kontexte v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti zn\u00e1mych pravidiel, o\u010dak\u00e1vame, \u017ee pod\u013ea nov\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov sa bude recyklova\u0165 pribli\u017ene 87 % papierov\u00fdch obalov, 83 % sklenen\u00fdch obalov a 61 % kovov\u00fdch obalov<\/strong>. V pr\u00edpade t\u00fdchto materi\u00e1lov m\u00f4\u017eeme o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 splnenie cie\u013eov E\u00da bez v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed. Situ\u00e1cia je v\u0161ak trochu odli\u0161n\u00e1 v pr\u00edpade plastov. Miera recykl\u00e1cie plastov sa odhaduje na 40 %, \u010do je pod cie\u013eom E\u00da, ktor\u00fd je 50 % do roku 2025. Napriek tomu n\u00e1m E\u00da poskytuje ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das na prisp\u00f4sobenie sa t\u00fdmto nov\u00fdm po\u017eiadavk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

    Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 uvedomi\u0165 si, \u017ee hoci sme v niektor\u00fdch oblastiach recykl\u00e1cie na dobrej ceste, \u010dak\u00e1 n\u00e1s e\u0161te ve\u013ea pr\u00e1ce, najm\u00e4 v oblasti recykl\u00e1cie plastov.<\/p>\n

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    Ak sa teda v\u0161etko nerecykluje, niekto si m\u00f4\u017ee myslie\u0165, \u017ee triedenie odpadu je zbyto\u010dn\u00e9. Ja to vid\u00edm tak, \u017ee je lep\u0161ie triedi\u0165 odpad (aj ten, ktor\u00fd sa \u010falej nerecykluje), ako zne\u010dis\u0165ova\u0165 lesy a rieky odpadom. \u010co sa stane s plastom, ktor\u00fd sa nerecykluje?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Je pravda, \u017ee mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 pocit, \u017ee ak sa nerecykluje v\u0161etko, triedenie odpadu nem\u00e1 zmysel. Mus\u00edme si v\u0161ak uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee \u017eijeme v dobe, ke\u010f sa technol\u00f3gie neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjaj\u00fa a zdokona\u013euj\u00fa. To, \u010do sa dnes ned\u00e1 efekt\u00edvne recyklova\u0165, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u010faka nov\u00fdm technol\u00f3gi\u00e1m spracovan\u00e9 zajtra. Triedenie odpadu n\u00e1m tie\u017e d\u00e1va mo\u017enos\u0165 lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 odpad, ktor\u00fd na\u0161a spolo\u010dnos\u0165 produkuje, \u010do n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie pl\u00e1nova\u0165 a investova\u0165 do bud\u00facich technol\u00f3gi\u00ed a rie\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Pokia\u013e ide o plasty, ktor\u00e9 sa nerecykluj\u00fa, situ\u00e1cia je nasledovn\u00e1: V \u010ceskej republike sa recykluje pribli\u017ene 50 % plastov zo \u017elt\u00fdch n\u00e1dob<\/strong>. Zvy\u0161ok, najm\u00e4 v mest\u00e1ch s mestsk\u00fdmi spa\u013eov\u0148ami, sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na energetick\u00e9 zhodnocovanie. V mest\u00e1ch bez spa\u013eovn\u00ed sa \u010das\u0165 plastov\u00e9ho odpadu odv\u00e1\u017ea do najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch spa\u013eovn\u00ed. Niektor\u00e9 plasty sa m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017ei\u0165 aj ako s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 tuh\u00fdch alternat\u00edvnych pal\u00edv.<\/p>\n

    Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 uvedomi\u0165 si, \u017ee aj ke\u010f sa niektor\u00e9 plasty nerecykluj\u00fa, ich pou\u017eitie na energetick\u00e9 zhodnotenie je st\u00e1le lep\u0161ie, ako keby sa mali uklada\u0165 na skl\u00e1dky alebo uvo\u013e\u0148ova\u0165 do \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia bez kontroly. Vyu\u017e\u00edvanie plastov na energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 prechodn\u00fdm rie\u0161en\u00edm, k\u00fdm nebud\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii lep\u0161ie recykla\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie alebo k\u00fdm sa nezmenia na\u0161e spotrebite\u013esk\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky.<\/p>\n

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    V posledn\u00fdch rokoch sa kombinovan\u00e9 obaly skuto\u010dne stali popul\u00e1rnej\u0161\u00edmi, \u010dasto sa propaguj\u00fa ako nie\u010do „ekologickej\u0161ie“ (najvidite\u013enej\u0161ie je to na jogurtov\u00fdch poh\u00e1rikoch: plastov\u00fd poh\u00e1rik s hlin\u00edkov\u00fdm vie\u010dkom, zabalen\u00fd v papieri alebo inom type plastu – m\u00e1m na mysli plast okolo flia\u0161 od miner\u00e1lnych v\u00f4d, \u0161amp\u00f3nov, PET flia\u0161 at\u010f., ak\u00fd typ plastu to je a d\u00e1 sa recyklova\u0165?). Zo svojho okolia vid\u00edm, \u017ee pre \u013eud\u00ed je \u00fanavn\u00e9 „rozpitv\u00e1va\u0165“ a triedi\u0165 obaly na jednotliv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Ako to vn\u00edmate vy? \u010co je pod\u013ea v\u00e1s „ekologickej\u0161ie“?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Kombinovan\u00e9 obaly sa v poslednom \u010dase skuto\u010dne stali popul\u00e1rnej\u0161\u00edmi, \u010dasto pod z\u00e1mienkou, \u017ee s\u00fa \u0161etrnej\u0161ie k \u017eivotn\u00e9mu prostrediu alebo poskytuj\u00fa lep\u0161iu ochranu v\u00fdrobku. Je pravda, \u017ee niektor\u00e9 kombinovan\u00e9 obaly m\u00f4\u017eu pred\u013a\u017ei\u0165 trvanlivos\u0165 potrav\u00edn a zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 mno\u017estvo potravinov\u00e9ho odpadu. Z h\u013eadiska recykl\u00e1cie v\u0161ak predstavuj\u00fa probl\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

    Ak si zoberieme ako pr\u00edklad be\u017en\u00fd obal na jogurt, pozost\u00e1va z plastov\u00e9ho poh\u00e1rika, papierov\u00e9ho alebo in\u00e9ho plastov\u00e9ho obalu a hlin\u00edkov\u00e9ho vie\u010dka. Pre spotrebite\u013eov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 to oddeli\u0165 a mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia sa t\u00fdm nemusia zaobera\u0165. Z environment\u00e1lneho h\u013eadiska je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby sa materi\u00e1ly spr\u00e1vne separovali, \u010do u\u013eah\u010d\u00ed recykl\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n

    Pokia\u013e ide o plasty pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na balenie flia\u0161 alebo \u0161amp\u00f3nov, m\u00f4\u017eu to by\u0165 r\u00f4zne druhy plastov, ale \u010dasto ide o polyetyl\u00e9n (PE) alebo polypropyl\u00e9n (PP). Tieto plasty s\u00fa vo v\u0161eobecnosti recyklovate\u013en\u00e9, ale v kombin\u00e1cii s in\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi m\u00f4\u017eu proces recykl\u00e1cie skomplikova\u0165.<\/p>\n

    Osobne si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee by sme mali prejs\u0165 na jednoduch\u0161ie obaly, ktor\u00e9 sa daj\u00fa \u013eahko recyklova\u0165 a nevy\u017eaduj\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 triedenie zo strany spotrebite\u013eov. Hoci kombinovan\u00e9 obaly m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch svoje v\u00fdhody, mali by sme sa sna\u017ei\u0165 minimalizova\u0165 ich pou\u017e\u00edvanie, kde je to mo\u017en\u00e9. Je tie\u017e ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby v\u00fdrobcovia a zna\u010dky transparentne informovali o sp\u00f4sobe triedenia a recykl\u00e1cie svojich obalov a poskytovali spotrebite\u013eom jasn\u00e9 pokyny.<\/p>\n

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    Aj ke\u010f sa zauj\u00edmam o recykl\u00e1ciu a odpad v\u0161eobecne, \u010dasto sa mi st\u00e1va, \u017ee som v rozpakoch, \u010di nie\u010do hodi\u0165 do \u017elt\u00e9ho kontajnera alebo nie. Je to preto, \u017ee obaly v\u00fdrobkov \u010dasto obsahuj\u00fa viacero materi\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa v\u017edy na obale uveden\u00e9. Okrem toho s\u00fa niektor\u00e9 plasty navrstven\u00e9 na sebe, a zatia\u013e \u010do niektor\u00e9 sa daj\u00fa recyklova\u0165, in\u00e9 nie. Pozrite si fotografiu – v\u00fdrobca uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee sa m\u00e1 vyhodi\u0165, ale nie v\u017edy je to uveden\u00e9, aj ke\u010f obal vyzer\u00e1 rovnako. \u010co mus\u00ed v\u00fdrobca v tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch uv\u00e1dza\u0165 pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> M\u00e1te \u00fapln\u00fa pravdu, \u017ee recykl\u00e1cia a triedenie odpadu m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 pre mnoh\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed m\u00e4t\u00face, najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li kombinovan\u00fdm obalom a nejasn\u00e9mu ozna\u010dovaniu v\u00fdrobkov. V \u010ceskej republike nie s\u00fa v\u00fdrobcovia povinn\u00ed uv\u00e1dza\u0165 na obaloch recykla\u010dn\u00e9 symboly, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k zm\u00e4tku medzi spotrebite\u013emi. Z\u00e1kon o obaloch stanovuje, ak\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie by mali by\u0165 na obaloch, ale recykla\u010dn\u00e9 symboly nie s\u00fa povinn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

    Ke\u010f ide o jeden plast na druhom, je to skuto\u010dne komplikovan\u00e9. Niektor\u00e9 plasty s\u00fa \u013eahko recyklovate\u013en\u00e9, zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00e9 nie. Ak v\u00fdrobca uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee plast by sa mal pred recykl\u00e1ciou odstr\u00e1ni\u0165, je to pravdepodobne preto, \u017ee dan\u00fd plast nie je recyklovate\u013en\u00fd alebo by mohol skomplikova\u0165 proces recykl\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n

    Pokia\u013e ide o to, \u010do by mali v\u00fdrobcovia uv\u00e1dza\u0165 na obaloch, z\u00e1kon o obaloch stanovuje minim\u00e1lne po\u017eiadavky na inform\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 by mali by\u0165 uveden\u00e9 na obale. Patria sem inform\u00e1cie o zlo\u017een\u00ed obalu, ale nie konkr\u00e9tne recykla\u010dn\u00e9 symboly. V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mnoh\u00ed v\u00fdrobcovia uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa recykla\u010dn\u00e9 symboly dobrovo\u013ene, ale nie s\u00fa k tomu zo z\u00e1kona povinn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Osobne si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee by bolo prospe\u0161n\u00e9, keby v\u00fdrobcovia museli na svojich v\u00fdrobkoch uv\u00e1dza\u0165 jasnej\u0161ie inform\u00e1cie o recykl\u00e1cii. To by mohlo spotrebite\u013eom pom\u00f4c\u0165 lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165, ako spr\u00e1vne triedi\u0165 odpad a \u010do s n\u00edm robi\u0165. K\u00fdm sa tak v\u0161ak nestane, je na n\u00e1s, spotrebite\u013eoch, aby sme sa vzdel\u00e1vali a sna\u017eili sa triedi\u0165 odpad \u010do najlep\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

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    Tu je nieko\u013eko obr\u00e1zkov; m\u00f4\u017eete n\u00e1m vysvetli\u0165, \u010do znamenaj\u00fa?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zopakova\u0165, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e1 legislat\u00edva nevy\u017eaduje povinn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o tom, ako zaobch\u00e1dza\u0165 s obalmi. T\u00e1to povinnos\u0165 sa vz\u0165ahuje len na obaly uveden\u00e9 v pr\u00e1vnych predpisoch o odpadoch, chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach alebo liekoch. Preto sa m\u00f4\u017ee sta\u0165, \u017ee na typickom kel\u00edmku od jogurtu nie v\u017edy n\u00e1jdeme inform\u00e1cie o materi\u00e1li, z ktor\u00e9ho je vyroben\u00fd, alebo o tom, ako s n\u00edm po konzum\u00e1cii obsahu najlep\u0161ie zaobch\u00e1dza\u0165. V tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch je rozhodnutie na v\u00fdrobcoch v\u00fdrobkov.<\/p>\n

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    Obr\u00e1zok s pan\u00e1\u010dikom a smetn\u00fdm k\u00f4\u0161om<\/strong>: ozna\u010denie, ktor\u00e9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee tento odpad mo\u017eno likvidova\u0165 be\u017en\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom (\u017ee odpad patr\u00ed do komun\u00e1lneho\/obecn\u00e9ho odpadu). Ide o symbol, ktor\u00fd nie je povinn\u00fd (to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fdrobca obalu nie je povinn\u00fd ho uv\u00e1dza\u0165). Tento symbol sa m\u00f4\u017ee<\/strong> objavi\u0165 aj pre\u010diarknut\u00fd<\/strong> (\u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ide o nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd odpad a nemo\u017eno ho vyhodi\u0165 do be\u017en\u00e9ho odpadu).<\/p>\n

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    Picture source: pixabay.com<\/p>\n

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    Recykla\u010dn\u00fd trojuholn\u00edk:<\/strong> Symbol sa m\u00f4\u017ee vyskytova\u0165 v dvoch variantoch, ako je zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 na obr\u00e1zku vy\u0161\u0161ie. Trojuholn\u00edk je zvy\u010dajne sprev\u00e1dzan\u00fd:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. P\u00edsomn\u00e1 skratka druhu materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n
    2. \u010c\u00edslo zodpovedaj\u00face druhu materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n
    3. P\u00edsomn\u00e1 skratka aj \u010d\u00edslo zodpovedaj\u00face druhu materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Snimek-obrazovky-97-1.png“ title_text=“Green Dot“ _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“32fecfd5-025d-42fc-9828-d86bb0da2821″ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Zelen\u00fd bod:<\/strong> Tento symbol ozna\u010duje, \u017ee bol poskytnut\u00fd finan\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edspevok na zhodnotenie a recykl\u00e1ciu tohto obalu.<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“cfbe3117-f5ed-4ca3-ba52-e25a83ba58ee“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Vybran\u00e9 skratky<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \n

      Materi\u00e1l<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      P\u00edsomn\u00e1 skratka<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      \u010c\u00edseln\u00e1 skratka<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      Mo\u017enos\u0165 recykl\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      Polyetyl\u00e9n s n\u00edzkou hustotou<\/td>\nLDPE<\/td>\n04<\/td>\n\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Orientovan\u00fd polypropyl\u00e9n<\/td>\nOPP<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Polyetyl\u00e9ntereftal\u00e1t<\/td>\nPET<\/td>\n01<\/td>\n\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Hladk\u00e1 lepenka<\/td>\nPAP<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Papier a lepenka + plast<\/td>\nC\/PAP<\/td>\n81<\/td>\nAk\u00fdko\u013evek symbol C\/ znamen\u00e1, \u017ee materi\u00e1l sa m\u00e1 likvidova\u0165 spolu so zmesov\u00fdm odpadom (v\u00fdnimkou s\u00fa n\u00e1pojov\u00e9 kart\u00f3ny)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u010c\u00edre sklo<\/td>\nGL<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Hned\u00e9 sklo<\/td>\nGL<\/td>\n72<\/td>\n\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Zelen\u00e9 sklo<\/td>\nGL<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Ak s\u00fa n\u00e1doby na sklo rozdelen\u00e9 na dve farby, do bielej n\u00e1doby vhod\u00edme biele sklo<\/strong> a do zelenej n\u00e1doby zelen\u00e9 a hned\u00e9 sklo<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“dd44a80f-e178-438e-ae1f-7d2385f28960″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Kto financuje recykl\u00e1ciu, sme to my? Nemali by sa v\u00fdrobcovia viac podie\u013ea\u0165 na recykl\u00e1cii a v\u00f4bec na v\u0161etkom, \u010do s\u00favis\u00ed s odpadom? Ak by to tak bolo, mo\u017eno by sa viac zam\u00fd\u0161\u013eali nad mno\u017estvom pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch obalov. Mo\u017eno by sa aj recykla\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie vyv\u00edjali r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a vznikalo by viac „ekologick\u00fdch“ materi\u00e1lov, \u010do mysl\u00edte?<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> V pr\u00edpade elektrick\u00fdch spotrebi\u010dov pre dom\u00e1cnos\u0165 je recykla\u010dn\u00fd poplatok u\u017e zahrnut\u00fd v predajnej cene v\u00fdrobku. V kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku tento poplatok plat\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edk pri k\u00fape v\u00fdrobku.
      Pokia\u013e ide o balenie, situ\u00e1cia je in\u00e1. Syst\u00e9m zberu a recykl\u00e1cie obalov v \u010ceskej republike zabezpe\u010duje spolo\u010dnos\u0165 EKO-KOM a.s. T\u00e1to spolo\u010dnos\u0165 je financovan\u00e1 z povinn\u00fdch poplatkov, ktor\u00e9 pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona platia v\u00fdrobcovia a dovozcovia plastov\u00fdch obalov. V\u010faka tomu EKO-KOM vytvoril rozsiahlu a efekt\u00edvnu sie\u0165 zbern\u00fdch kontajnerov.<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“dd44a80f-e178-438e-ae1f-7d2385f28960″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Ak\u00fd druh odpadu sa vo v\u0161eobecnosti vyskytuje najviac? A \u010do zmesov\u00fd (komun\u00e1lny) odpad? Ako sa s n\u00edm naj\u010dastej\u0161ie naklad\u00e1 a pre\u010do?<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Ak sa zameriame v\u00fdlu\u010dne na komun\u00e1lny odpad, najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu \u010das\u0165 z neho st\u00e1le tvor\u00ed zmesov\u00fd pevn\u00fd odpad (MSW). Met\u00f3dy nakladania so zmesov\u00fdm pevn\u00fdm odpadom sa v jednotliv\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch E\u00da l\u00ed\u0161ia. V z\u00e1sade existuj\u00fa dva hlavn\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby spracovania: energetick\u00e9 zhodnocovanie a trval\u00e9 skl\u00e1dkovanie. Pod\u013ea hierarchie nakladania s odpadmi stanovenej smernicou E\u00da m\u00e1 energetick\u00e9 zhodnocovanie odpadu prednos\u0165 pred jeho ukladan\u00edm na skl\u00e1dku. Toto pravidlo v\u0161ak plat\u00ed za predpokladu, \u017ee je technicky a ekonomicky uskuto\u010dnite\u013en\u00e9. T\u00e1to podmienka nie je bli\u017e\u0161ie \u0161pecifikovan\u00e1, tak\u017ee miera energetick\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edvania tuh\u00e9ho komun\u00e1lneho odpadu v jednotliv\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch z\u00e1vis\u00ed od odpadovej politiky dan\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

      V \u010ceskej republike sa na energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely vyu\u017e\u00edva pribli\u017ene 20 % tuh\u00e9ho komun\u00e1lneho odpadu<\/strong>. Naproti tomu v krajin\u00e1ch ako D\u00e1nsko a \u0160vaj\u010diarsko je to pribli\u017ene 80 %<\/strong>. \u0160v\u00e9dsko je na \u0161pici v mno\u017estve pevn\u00e9ho komun\u00e1lneho odpadu vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho na energetick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely, preto\u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edva viac pevn\u00e9ho komun\u00e1lneho odpadu, ako samo vyprodukuje, a preto na tieto \u00fa\u010dely dov\u00e1\u017ea odpad zo zahrani\u010dia.<\/p>\n

      N\u00edzka miera energetick\u00e9ho vyu\u017e\u00edvania odpadov v \u010ceskej republike je d\u00f4sledkom dlhodob\u00e9ho negat\u00edvneho postoja \u0161t\u00e1tu k tomuto sp\u00f4sobu spracovania. Tento postoj bol ovplyvnen\u00fd faktormi, ako je vysok\u00e1 investi\u010dn\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165 zariaden\u00ed na energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie odpadov (ZEVO) alebo tlak r\u00f4znych environment\u00e1lnych a lobistick\u00fdch skup\u00edn. Napriek tomu by sa situ\u00e1cia mohla v bl\u00edzkej bud\u00facnosti zmeni\u0165, ke\u010f\u017ee nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon o odpadoch viac podporuje energetick\u00e9 zhodnocovanie ako met\u00f3du spracovania tuh\u00e9ho komun\u00e1lneho odpadu. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa pripravuje nieko\u013eko projektov na v\u00fdstavbu zariaden\u00ed na energetick\u00e9 zhodnocovanie odpadov.<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“dd44a80f-e178-438e-ae1f-7d2385f28960″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      \u00a0Mohli by ste op\u00edsa\u0165 proces skl\u00e1dkovania? \u010co je najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mom?<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Odpad m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zdrojom energie<\/strong>. Napriek tomu je skl\u00e1dkovanie st\u00e1le najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom nakladania s odpadom v \u010ceskej republike, hoci v podstate znamen\u00e1 plytvanie cenn\u00fdmi zdrojmi. Na skl\u00e1dkach kon\u010d\u00ed takmer 80 % v\u0161etk\u00e9ho tuh\u00e9ho zmesov\u00e9ho odpadu a tento podiel sa dokonca mierne zvy\u0161uje<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      Pri skl\u00e1dkovan\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e9 tvoria v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu odpadu, doch\u00e1dza k mnoh\u00fdm zlo\u017eit\u00fdm chemick\u00fdm reakci\u00e1m. Uh\u013eovod\u00edky (tzv. skl\u00e1dkov\u00e9 plyny) sa uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa do atmosf\u00e9ry a vznikaj\u00fa priesakov\u00e9 vody s toxick\u00fdmi v\u00fdluhmi, ktor\u00e9 prenikaj\u00fa do zemskej k\u00f4ry a n\u00e1sledne prenikaj\u00fa do podzemn\u00fdch v\u00f4d. Skl\u00e1dky zaberaj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo p\u00f4dy a po\u017eiare na skl\u00e1dkach nie s\u00fa zriedkav\u00e9. Po uzavret\u00ed sa skl\u00e1dky st\u00e1vaj\u00fa dlhodob\u00fdm nebezpe\u010denstvom pre \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie. Argument, \u017ee ide v\u017edy o zabezpe\u010den\u00e9 skl\u00e1dky, nie je presved\u010div\u00fd.<\/p>\n

      Vzh\u013eadom na tieto probl\u00e9my Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania a nesk\u00f4r aj \u010cesk\u00e1 republika dospeli k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee skl\u00e1dkovanie:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • Je najmenej vhodn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom nakladania s odpadom z environment\u00e1lneho a ekonomick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska, preto\u017ee sa str\u00e1caj\u00fa materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 a energetick\u00e9 zdroje obsiahnut\u00e9 v odpade.<\/li>\n
      • Je neudr\u017eate\u013en\u00fd pre bud\u00facnos\u0165 z h\u013eadiska trvalo udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9ho rozvoja.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Eur\u00f3pska \u00fania po\u017eaduje od svojich \u010dlensk\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1tov, aby v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017eili skl\u00e1dkovanie odpadu pod\u013ea presne stanoven\u00e9ho harmonogramu a mno\u017estva, najm\u00e4 pokia\u013e ide o biologicky rozlo\u017eite\u013en\u00fd tuh\u00fd odpad. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika v\u0161ak mno\u017estvo skl\u00e1dkovan\u00e9ho odpadu nezni\u017euje a nepln\u00ed povinnosti vypl\u00fdvaj\u00face zo smernice 1999\/31\/ES o skl\u00e1dkach odpadov. Z d\u00f4vodu neplnenia tejto smernice hrozia \u010ceskej republike mo\u017en\u00e9 sankcie zo strany Eur\u00f3pskej komisie.<\/p>\n

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        Aj ke\u010f je skl\u00e1dkovanie pomaly na \u00fastupe, m\u00f4\u017eu sa pri \u0148om do \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia uvo\u013e\u0148ova\u0165 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, v\u0161ak? D\u00e1 sa tomu zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 a o ak\u00e9 l\u00e1tky ide? \u010co sa stane so skl\u00e1dkou povedzme za 50 a\u017e 100 rokov?<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Skl\u00e1dkovanie odpadu v \u010ceskej republike sa riadi platn\u00fdmi pr\u00e1vnymi predpismi, ktor\u00e9 sa odvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa na technick\u00e9 normy. Tieto normy podrobne \u0161pecifikuj\u00fa inform\u00e1cie a podmienky t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa v\u00fdstavby, prev\u00e1dzky, zabezpe\u010denia, odvodnenia a monitorovania skl\u00e1dok. Pokia\u013e je v\u0161etko na skl\u00e1dke prev\u00e1dzkovan\u00e9 v s\u00falade s po\u017eiadavkami t\u00fdchto \u010desk\u00fdch technick\u00fdch noriem, nemalo by doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k ovplyv\u0148ovaniu okolitej krajiny, najm\u00e4 v\u00fdluhmi. Kvalita vody v okol\u00ed skl\u00e1dky sa pravidelne monitoruje pomocou vrtov. Ot\u00e1zkou v\u0161ak zost\u00e1va, \u010do by sa stalo v pr\u00edpade vysokej koncentr\u00e1cie \u0161kodliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tok v ur\u010ditej oblasti v bl\u00edzkosti skl\u00e1dky. Na z\u00e1klade m\u00f4jho doteraj\u0161ieho prieskumu a konzult\u00e1ci\u00ed s prev\u00e1dzkovate\u013emi skl\u00e1dok som zatia\u013e nedostal jasn\u00fa odpove\u010f. Sk\u00f4r mi bolo nazna\u010den\u00e9, \u017ee tak\u00e1to situ\u00e1cia by jednoducho nemala nasta\u0165.<\/p>\n

        Pri skl\u00e1dkovan\u00ed komun\u00e1lneho odpadu, kde pribli\u017ene 30 % odpadu tvor\u00ed biologicky rozlo\u017eite\u013en\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/strong>, doch\u00e1dza k rozkladn\u00fdm procesom, pri ktor\u00fdch vznik\u00e1 skl\u00e1dkov\u00fd plyn obsahuj\u00faci pribli\u017ene 50 % met\u00e1nu. Do telesa skl\u00e1dky sa vyv\u0155taj\u00fa otvory, ktor\u00fdmi sa tento plyn odv\u00e1dza do kogenera\u010dnej jednotky, kde sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na v\u00fdrobu elektrickej energie.<\/p>\n

        Pod\u013ea z\u00e1kona o odpadoch mus\u00ed prev\u00e1dzkovate\u013e skl\u00e1dky zabezpe\u010di\u0165 n\u00e1sledn\u00fa starostlivos\u0165 o skl\u00e1dku z vlastn\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00fdch rezerv najmenej 30 rokov po jej uzavret\u00ed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“dd44a80f-e178-438e-ae1f-7d2385f28960″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        \u00a0\u010co je technol\u00f3gia ERVOeco? Zd\u00e1 sa mi to ako z\u00e1zrak, je to tak, alebo mi nie\u010do unik\u00e1?<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> \u00daprimne povedan\u00e9, som ve\u013ek\u00fd nad\u0161enec a v\u017edy sa zauj\u00edmam o nov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie. Predt\u00fdm, ako si vytvor\u00edm vlastn\u00fd n\u00e1zor na ak\u00fako\u013evek technol\u00f3giu, v\u0161ak potrebujem \u010do najviac podrobn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o jej fungovan\u00ed. E\u0161te lep\u0161ie je, ke\u010f ju m\u00f4\u017eem vidie\u0165 v akcii.<\/p>\n

        V situ\u00e1cii, ke\u010f \u010cesk\u00e1 republika nie je schopn\u00e1 zavies\u0165 a prev\u00e1dzkova\u0165 ani overen\u00e9 a vysoko \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie ako ZEVO, pova\u017eujem za nere\u00e1lne, \u017ee by sa tu technol\u00f3gia ERVOeco mohla re\u00e1lne zavies\u0165 v najbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch 10 rokoch.
        Treba tie\u017e poznamena\u0165, \u017ee t\u00e1to technol\u00f3gia je patentovan\u00e1 a inform\u00e1cie o sp\u00f4sobe spracovania odpadu a procesoch v tejto jednotke s\u00fa nato\u013eko obmedzen\u00e9, \u017ee je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 t\u00fato technol\u00f3giu objekt\u00edvne pos\u00fadi\u0165. Najm\u00e4 ke\u010f jedin\u00fdm recenzentom je samotn\u00fd vyn\u00e1lezca a predajca, \u010do sa m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165 a\u017e pr\u00edli\u0161 z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9. Z dostupn\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed na ich webovej str\u00e1nke som pochopil, \u017ee technol\u00f3gia je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na tepelnom rozklade odpadov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu bez pr\u00edtomnosti oxida\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dinidiel, \u010do je v podstate pyrol\u00fdza<\/strong>. (Pozn\u00e1mka autora: pyrol\u00fdza je tepeln\u00fd rozklad materi\u00e1lov (odpadu) na (plyn, olej, uhl\u00edk…) s ve\u013emi mal\u00fdm mno\u017estvom kysl\u00edka alebo bez neho pri ve\u013emi vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch).<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.23″ _module_preset=“default“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        Ji\u0159\u00ed, ve\u013emi pekne \u010fakujem za rozhovor, te\u0161\u00edm sa na \u010fal\u0161\u00ed \ud83d\ude42.<\/h4>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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