{"id":9155,"date":"2023-04-13T11:11:07","date_gmt":"2023-04-13T09:11:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/blog\/uncategorized-cs\/vite-o-pritomnosti-mikroplastu-v-kosmetickych-produktech\/"},"modified":"2023-09-05T11:49:06","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T09:49:06","slug":"vite-o-pritomnosti-mikroplastu-v-kosmetickych-produktech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/cs\/blog\/a-co-plasty\/vite-o-pritomnosti-mikroplastu-v-kosmetickych-produktech\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00edte o p\u0159\u00edtomnosti mikroplast\u016f v kosmetick\u00fdch produktech?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Produkty osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de a kosmetika (d\u00e1le jen PCCP \u2013 z anglick\u00e9ho personal care and cosmetic products) jsou produkty pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Ur\u010dit\u011b je taky pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te, \u017ee? R\u016fzn\u00e9 studie ji\u017e zd\u016fraznily obavy o \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed v souvislosti s pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm mikroplast\u016f v PCCP. Od roku 2017 se Evropsk\u00e1 unie sna\u017e\u00ed omezit z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mikroplast\u016f v t\u011bchto produktech. <\/p>\n

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek stru\u010dn\u011b shrnuje mikroplasty v PCCP \u2013 aby v\u00e1m p\u0159ipomn\u011bl, jak m\u016f\u017eete minimalizovat celosv\u011btov\u00fd probl\u00e9m mikroplast\u016f v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 ka\u017ed\u00e1 akce se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1!<\/p>\n

Fakta o plastech<\/h3>\n

Plasty najdeme v\u0161ude kolem n\u00e1s. D\u00edky sv\u00fdm v\u0161estrann\u00fdm vlastnostem se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed a lze z nich vyrobit t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161e: obaly, auta, barvy, hra\u010dky atp. Plastov\u00fd znamen\u00e1 odoln\u00fd, u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd, lehk\u00fd, levn\u00fd, poddajn\u00fd, pevn\u00fd a p\u0159i uv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9m pou\u017eit\u00ed i recyklovateln\u00fd a udr\u017eiteln\u00fd. Plastov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k tomu, aby byl n\u00e1\u0161 \u017eivot \u010dist\u0161\u00ed, bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a pohodln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Plasty jsou tak\u00e9 motorem inovac\u00ed, usnad\u0148uj\u00ed efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f, zachra\u0148uj\u00ed \u017eivoty ve zdravotnictv\u00ed, vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a maj\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed vliv na ochranu klimatu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad plastov\u00e9 komponenty v modern\u00edch automobilech sni\u017euj\u00ed jejich hmotnost a emise, lehk\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 obaly sni\u017euj\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed plastov\u00e9ho odpadu, plastov\u00e9 izolace jsou energeticky \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. <\/p>\n

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\u201eTato cenn\u00e1 komodita je v\u0161ak p\u0159edm\u011btem st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho znepokojen\u00ed z hlediska \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme si tedy logicky polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku: Je plast p\u0159\u00ednosem nebo hrozbou?\u201c<\/p>\n

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Zde jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u00fadaje<\/h3>\n

Od za\u010d\u00e1tku 50. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy za\u010dala velkov\u00fdroba syntetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, lid\u00e9 vyprodukovali 8,3 miliardy tun plast\u016f, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 hmotnosti 80 milion\u016f modr\u00fdch velryb nebo 1 miliardy slon\u016f [1]<\/a>. Ka\u017ed\u00fd rok se vyrob\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 300 milion\u016f tun plast\u016f a polovina z nich je ur\u010dena k jednor\u00e1zov\u00e9mu pou\u017eit\u00ed [2]<\/a>. V roce 2020 evropsk\u00fd plastov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl zam\u011bstn\u00e1val t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1,5 milionu lid\u00ed v p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 55 000 spole\u010dnostech, kde v\u00fdroba dos\u00e1hla 58 milion\u016f tun ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s 368 miliony tun celosv\u011btov\u00e9 produkce plast\u016f [3]<\/a>. P\u0159esto\u017ee se \u010d\u00e1st plastov\u00e9ho odpadu recykluje (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 9 %), v\u011bt\u0161ina kon\u010d\u00ed na skl\u00e1dk\u00e1ch a v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde plastov\u00fd materi\u00e1l z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, hromad\u00ed se nebo se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 na mikro\u010d\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed vodu a ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, \u0161kod\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00fdm \u017eivo\u010dich\u016fm a nakonec je m\u016f\u017ee spolknout i \u010dlov\u011bk [1]<\/a>. Odhaduje se, \u017ee a\u017e 10 % vyprodukovan\u00fdch plast\u016f kon\u010d\u00ed v oce\u00e1nech, kde mohou p\u0159etrv\u00e1vat a hromadit se, a p\u0159edstavuje a\u017e 80 % ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho mo\u0159sk\u00e9ho odpadu [4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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\u201eMysl\u00edte na osud plast\u016f v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kdy\u017e nakupujete?\u201c<\/p>\n

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Od (makro)plast\u016f k mikroplast\u016fm<\/h3>\n

V posledn\u00edch letech byly mikroplasty zaznamen\u00e1ny v r\u016fzn\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech, a v souvislosti s t\u00edm se celosv\u011btov\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ily obavy o \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Mikroplasty jsou definov\u00e1ny jako \u010dlov\u011bkem vyroben\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, pevn\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 polymery men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5 mm [5]<\/a>, [6]<\/a>, kter\u00e9 lze podle p\u016fvodu rozd\u011blit na prim\u00e1rn\u00ed a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed. Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed mikroplasty se vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed v mikroskopick\u00e9 velikosti a b\u011b\u017en\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v oplachov\u00e9 kosmetice (p\u0159\u00edpravky, kter\u00e9 se po aplikaci na vlasy nebo k\u016f\u017ei maj\u00ed odstranit). Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed mikroplasty vznikaj\u00ed v d\u016fsledku rozkladu (makro)plast\u016f nebo plastov\u00e9ho odpadu v prost\u0159ed\u00ed v d\u016fsledku r\u016fzn\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch nebo biologick\u00fdch proces\u016f (nap\u0159. UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed). Ur\u010dit\u011b jste u\u017e n\u011bkdy vid\u011bli odhozen\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 obaly v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st mikroplastov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed vznik\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b rozkladem z v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch plastov\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f. <\/p>\n

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\u201eOdhaduje se, \u017ee celkov\u011b se v EU ro\u010dn\u011b spot\u0159ebuje asi 145 000 tun mikroplast\u016f [6]<\/a>, a \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd spot\u0159ebitel vyhod\u00ed 2,4 g mikroplast\u016f denn\u011b [7]<\/a>.\u201c<\/p>\n

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Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed mikroplasty mohou ne\u00famysln\u011b vznikat a uvol\u0148ovat se do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kdy\u017e se v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kusy plast\u016f, jako jsou pneumatiky nebo syntetick\u00e9 textilie, od\u00edraj\u00ed, opot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed a trhaj\u00ed. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou mikroplasty z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 do \u0159ady produkt\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b v\u00fdrobk\u016f pro osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di a kosmetiky (PCCP), hnojiv, p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f na ochranu rostlin, \u010distic\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, barev a produkt\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v ropn\u00e9m a plyn\u00e1rensk\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu. Odhaduje se, \u017ee pneumatiky a syntetick\u00e9 textilie p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu obsahu prim\u00e1rn\u00edch mikroplast\u016f v oce\u00e1nech, 28 % a 35 %. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, mikroplasty z PCCP tvo\u0159\u00ed \u201epouze\u201c 2 % v\u0161ech prim\u00e1rn\u00edch mikroplast\u016f v oce\u00e1nech [1]<\/a>, [2]<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Mikroplasty jako mikroperli\u010dky<\/h3>\n

V PCCP jsou z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1ny mikroplastov\u00e9 komponenty s c\u00edlem zlep\u0161it vlastnosti produktu. Nej\u010dast\u011bji jsou pou\u017eity do r\u016fzn\u00fdch peeling\u016f k odstran\u011bn\u00ed odum\u0159el\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee a k \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed poko\u017eky [8]<\/a>. P\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed se tak\u00e9 pro pojivov\u00e9, suspenzn\u00ed (emulg\u00e1tory), filmotvorn\u00e9, zahu\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed, estetick\u00e9, zmat\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed nebo antistatick\u00e9 vlastnosti [7]<\/a>. P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed v PCCP se mikroplasty naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed mikroperli\u010dky: jsou to drobn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice obvykle men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 mm. Mikroplasty v produktech bez oplachov\u00e1n\u00ed, jako jsou ple\u0165ov\u00e9 vody, make-up, deodoranty, opalovac\u00ed kr\u00e9my, jsou obvykle je\u0161t\u011b men\u0161\u00ed, kolem mikrometr\u016f a\u017e nanometr\u016f [7]<\/a>. <\/p>\n

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\u201eV n\u011bkter\u00fdch PCCP jsou mikroplasty z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1ny k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a zlep\u0161en\u00ed funkce produktu. \u010casto o nich ani nev\u00edme, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ne\u00famysln\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1me k hromad\u011bn\u00ed mikroplast\u016f v \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n

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Zdroj obr\u00e1zku: A. Bubik<\/p>\n

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Mikroperli\u010dky jsou velmi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 v oplachovac\u00edch produktech. Polyethylen (PE), polyuretan (PU), kyselina polyakrylov\u00e1 (PA) jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami r\u016fzn\u00fdch produkt\u016f p\u00e9\u010de o ple\u0165 a \u010distic\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, jako jsou \u010distic\u00ed prost\u0159edky na ruce, t\u011blov\u00e9 a obli\u010dejov\u00e9 peelingy, ple\u0165ov\u00e9 masky [5]<\/a>. Krom\u011b toho jsou v PCCP \u010dasto p\u0159\u00edtomny tak\u00e9 ve vod\u011b rozpustn\u00e9 polymery, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak nespl\u0148uj\u00ed krit\u00e9ria pro definici mikroplast\u016f, a proto nejsou zahrnuty do ohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch omezen\u00ed a z\u00e1kaz\u016f EU v oblasti z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u0159idan\u00fdch mikroplast\u016f. Dle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru, mnoho probl\u00e9m\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se syntetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f v PCCP nen\u00ed st\u00e1le uzav\u0159eno. <\/p>\n

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GS tip: <\/strong>Nejlep\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak se vyhnout mikroplast\u016fm v PCCP, je pe\u010dliv\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed produktu, kde snadno pozn\u00e1te p\u0159\u00edtomnost syntetick\u00fdch polymer\u016f.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159esto\u017ee mikroperli\u010dky z PCCP nep\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed vysok\u00fdm procentem ke zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mikroplasty, mohou p\u0159edstavovat hrozbu pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Proto si mus\u00edme b\u00fdt v\u011bdomi probl\u00e9mu mikroplast\u016f a zabr\u00e1nit jejich glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu hromad\u011bn\u00ed, a to nejl\u00e9pe t\u00edm, \u017ee se vyhneme pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed takov\u00fdch produkt\u016f. V roce 2015 Cosmetics Europe doporu\u010dila sv\u00fdm \u010dlen\u016fm, aby p\u0159estali pou\u017e\u00edvat plastov\u00e9 mikroperli\u010dky pro \u00fa\u010dely \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a exfoliace v oplachov\u00fdch PCCP. Je skv\u011bl\u00e9, \u017ee dnes dos\u00e1hli 97,6% sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed plastov\u00fdch mikroperli\u010dek. To potvrzuje \u00fa\u010dinnost dobrovoln\u00e9 iniciativy tohoto odv\u011btv [9]<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Jak\u00e9 jsou hlavn\u00ed obavy?<\/h3>\n

Mikroplasty maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l po\u0161kozovat v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 organismy. T\u00edm, \u017ee maj\u00ed mikroskopick\u00e9 rozm\u011bry, se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed biologicky dostupn\u00fdmi pro organismy v cel\u00e9m potravinov\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci. Nav\u00edc p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k uchycen\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek ve vod\u011b. V d\u016fsledku toho m\u016f\u017ee po\u017eit\u00ed mikroplast\u016f zp\u016fsobit expozici toxin\u016fm a bioakumulaci v potravn\u00edm \u0159et\u011bzci [10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V roce 2017 po\u017e\u00e1dala Evropsk\u00e1 komise (EK) Evropskou agenturu pro chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (ECHA), aby posoudila v\u011bdeck\u00e9 d\u016fkazy pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed regula\u010dn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed na \u00farovni EU ohledn\u011b mikroplast\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1ny do produkt\u016f. Pot\u00e9 agentura ECHA navrhla rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 omezen\u00ed mikroplast\u016f ve v\u00fdrobc\u00edch uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdch na trh EU\/EHP, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo nebo omezilo jejich uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee n\u00e1vrh zabr\u00e1n\u00ed uvoln\u011bn\u00ed 500 000 tun mikroplast\u016f b\u011bhem 20 let [6]<\/a>. <\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky?<\/h3>\n

V dal\u0161\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch se dozv\u00edte n\u011bco v\u00edce o abrazivech v kosmetice, polymerech rozpustn\u00fdch ve vod\u011b, jako je polyethylenglykol (PEG) ve va\u0161ich koupeln\u00e1ch. Krom\u011b toho si nenechte uj\u00edt slovinskou p\u0159\u00edpadovou studii mikroplast\u016f v zubn\u00edch past\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n