{"id":14026,"date":"2023-10-10T16:27:16","date_gmt":"2023-10-10T14:27:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/blog\/je-dobre-vedet\/interview-with-an-expert-in-recycling-and-waste-management-ing-jiri-fiedor-ph-d\/"},"modified":"2024-05-29T21:08:45","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T19:08:45","slug":"rozhovor-s-odbornikem-na-recyklaci-a-zpracovani-odpadu-ing-jiri-fiedor-phd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/cs\/blog\/rozhovory-s-experty\/rozhovor-s-odbornikem-na-recyklaci-a-zpracovani-odpadu-ing-jiri-fiedor-phd\/","title":{"rendered":"Rozhovor s Ji\u0159\u00edm Fiedorem \u2013 odborn\u00edkem na recyklaci a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V rozhovoru s odborn\u00edkem se pono\u0159\u00edme do problematiky recyklace v \u010cR. Ing. Ji\u0159\u00ed Fiedor, Ph.D. n\u00e1m p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pohled na v\u00fdzvy a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v oblasti odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Pro\u010d je skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1le dominantn\u00ed, p\u0159esto\u017ee odpad m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zdrojem energie? Jak kombinovan\u00e9 obaly a nejasn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed komplikuj\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed? A pro\u010d \u010cR zat\u00edm nepln\u00ed normy EU?<\/p>\n

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Ing. Ji\u0159\u00ed Fiedor, Ph.D<\/strong>. je akademikem na Kated\u0159e chemie a fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b chemick\u00fdch proces\u016f V\u0160B \u2013 TU Ostrava. P\u0159esto\u017ee p\u016fvodn\u011b vystudoval obor \u00dapravnictv\u00ed a technologie vody, osud ho p\u0159ivedl k odpadov\u00e9mu hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kde byl fascinov\u00e1n technologiemi zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f. Jeho kari\u00e9ra je spojena s v\u00fdzkumem vlivu pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong>, zejm\u00e9na vodu a ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Ji\u0159\u00ed sledoval dynamick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a byl sv\u011bdkem technologick\u00e9ho pokroku, podpo\u0159en\u00e9ho legislativn\u00edmi zm\u011bnami. Jeho v\u00e1\u0161e\u0148 a odbornost v oboru je z\u0159ejm\u00e1 z jeho dlouholet\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce s pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi partnery.<\/p>\n

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Ovliv\u0148uje t\u011b tv\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem? Kdy\u017e v\u00ed\u0161, co se d\u011bje s odpadem a \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami, sna\u017e\u00ed\u0161 se osobn\u011b minimalizovat dopad na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed?<\/p>\n

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Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Moje pr\u00e1ce se stala nejen m\u00fdm povol\u00e1n\u00edm, ale i kon\u00ed\u010dkem. T\u00e9ma odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovliv\u0148uje ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot n\u00e1s v\u0161ech. C\u00edt\u00edm pot\u0159ebu \u0161\u00ed\u0159it informace o tom, co se s odpadem d\u011bje po jeho ulo\u017een\u00ed do kontejneru, a osv\u011btovat i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnost. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b se sna\u017e\u00edm nakl\u00e1dat s odpadem z m\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti co nejzodpov\u011bdn\u011bji, v souladu s platnou legislativou. Sv\u00fdm d\u011btem \u010dasto vysv\u011btluji, co se s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi druhy odpadu d\u011bje, nebo co by se s nimi m\u011blo d\u00edt. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee je to je\u0161t\u011b neunavuje… ?<\/p>\n

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Vzpom\u00edn\u00e1m si, jak jste v hodin\u011b odpadov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed \u0159\u00edkal: \u201eNejlep\u0161\u00ed odpad je ten, kter\u00fd v\u016fbec nevznikne.\u201d Je v dne\u0161n\u00ed, \u010di budouc\u00ed dob\u011b, mo\u017en\u00e9, aby odpad v\u016fbec nevznikl?<\/p>\n

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Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Je pravda, \u017ee jsem v minulosti \u010dasto tvrdil, \u017ee ide\u00e1ln\u00ed by bylo, kdyby \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd odpad nevznikal. Av\u0161ak s \u010dasem jsem pochopil, \u017ee realita je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Dnes se jednozna\u010dn\u011b \u0159\u00edd\u00edm hierarchi\u00ed nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s odpady, kter\u00e1 plat\u00ed pro v\u0161echny zem\u011b EU. Pro srozumitelnost to shrnu takto:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Pokud odpad vznikne, m\u011bli bychom se sna\u017eit znovu pou\u017e\u00edt co nejv\u00edce jeho \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad zrc\u00e1tko z autovraku m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit jin\u00e9mu vozidlu.<\/li>\n
  2. Odpady by m\u011bly b\u00fdt p\u0159ednostn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny materi\u00e1lov\u011b, tedy recyklov\u00e1ny. Zde je c\u00edlem p\u0159em\u011bnit odpad na surovinu pro dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrobu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad PET l\u00e1hev m\u016f\u017eeme rozdrtit, roztavit a vytvo\u0159it z n\u00ed textiln\u00ed vl\u00e1kna pro v\u00fdrobu spac\u00edch pytl\u016f \u010di koberc\u016f. Pro tento proces je nezbytn\u00fd \u010dist\u00fd vstupn\u00ed materi\u00e1l.<\/li>\n
  3. Pokud odpady nejsou vhodn\u00e9 k recyklaci, ale obsahuj\u00ed energii, m\u011bly by b\u00fdt vyu\u017eity k v\u00fdrob\u011b energie, a\u0165 u\u017e tepeln\u00e9 \u010di elektrick\u00e9.<\/li>\n
  4. Jako posledn\u00ed mo\u017enost v hierarchii je sp\u00e1len\u00ed odpadu bez vyu\u017eit\u00ed tepla nebo jeho ulo\u017een\u00ed na zabezpe\u010denou skl\u00e1dku.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    A teoreticky, kdyby \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd odpad nevznikal, nem\u011bl bych pr\u00e1ci. Ale to je jen takov\u00e1 legrace na z\u00e1v\u011br. ?<\/p>\n

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    Plast je nesm\u00edrn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd a v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd, ale zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee s n\u00edm neum\u00edme spr\u00e1vn\u011b zach\u00e1zet. Jak vid\u00ed\u0161 situaci s jeho recyklac\u00ed?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Recyklace plast\u016f je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b velmi aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm t\u00e9matem v zem\u00edch EU. Ve zbytku sv\u011bta to tak aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed nen\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b tuto problematiku v\u016fbec ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed. V Evrop\u011b je nejpou\u017e\u00edvan\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed plastov\u00e9ho odpadu jeho dal\u0161\u00ed energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed, na druh\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b je pak recyklace. Asi \u010dtvrtina ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho vznikl\u00e9ho plastov\u00e9ho odpadu se ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 na skl\u00e1dky. C\u00edlem EU je do roku 2030 recyklovat 55 % plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Polovina z plast\u016f ur\u010den\u00fdch k recyklaci je vyvezena mimo zem\u011b EU. D\u011bje se tak zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 kapacit\u011b, technologick\u00fdm a finan\u010dn\u00edm omezen\u00edm pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpadu v Evrop\u011b. V\u00fdvoz odpadu z EU do zem\u00ed za jej\u00edmi hranicemi dos\u00e1hl v roce 2020 32,7 milion\u016f tun. V\u011bt\u0161ina t\u011bchto odpad\u016f m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed do Turecka, Indie a Egypta. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika lety to byla \u010c\u00edna a Malajsie, ale zde ji\u017e do\u0161lo k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu omezen\u00ed p\u0159ijet\u00ed plastov\u00fdch odpad\u016f.<\/p>\n

    Mezi hlavn\u00ed p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky recyklace plast\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u00fdrobou nov\u00fdch kus\u016f kvalita a cena recyklovan\u00fdch produkt\u016f. V\u00fdrobci plast\u016f toti\u017e po\u017eaduj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed recyklovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu zpracovan\u00e9ho podle p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kontrolovan\u00fdch specifikac\u00ed (tedy vysok\u00e1 vstupn\u00ed \u010distota plastov\u00e9ho odpadu do recykla\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1vodu) a to samoz\u0159ejm\u011b za konkurenceschopnou cenu.<\/p>\n

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    Jak je to s recyklac\u00ed plast\u016f u n\u00e1s v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b letos z\u016fstane n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek tis\u00edc tun plastov\u00e9ho odpadu nevyu\u017eito na t\u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edch dvorech. A\u010dkoliv z\u00e1kon o odpadech zakazuje ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nevyu\u017eit\u00fdch zbytk\u016f plast\u016f z t\u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edch linek na skl\u00e1dky, zpracovatel\u00e9 odpadu \u010dasto nev\u011bd\u00ed, jak s t\u011bmito plastov\u00fdmi hmotami nalo\u017eit, proto\u017ee pro n\u011b nemaj\u00ed odbyt. Tato situace odhaluje dlouhodob\u00fd probl\u00e9m v \u010desk\u00e9m odpadov\u00e9m byznysu: plasty se \u010dasto nerecykluj\u00ed a kapacita pro jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed je nedostate\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

    Obsah \u017elut\u00fdch popelnic je sm\u011brov\u00e1n na t\u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed linky, kde pracovn\u00edci vyb\u00edraj\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 hmoty vhodn\u00e9 k prodeji. V\u011bt\u0161inou se jedn\u00e1 o PET a dut\u00e9 plasty, nap\u0159\u00edklad obaly od prac\u00edch pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016f. Z\u00e1jem je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o bezbarv\u00e9 PET lahve. Odhaduje se, \u017ee a\u017e 50 % obsahu \u017elut\u00fdch kontejner\u016f je t\u011b\u017eko recyklovateln\u00fdch, zejm\u00e9na vzhledem k nedostate\u010dn\u00fdm recykla\u010dn\u00edm kapacit\u00e1m v \u010cR.<\/p>\n

    Za sb\u011br a recyklaci obal\u016f v \u010cR je zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 firma EKO-KOM a.s., financovan\u00e1 z povinn\u00fdch poplatk\u016f v\u00fdrobc\u016f a dovozc\u016f plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f. EKO-KOM vybudovala rozs\u00e1hlou s\u00ed\u0165 sb\u011brn\u00fdch n\u00e1dob a v\u011bt\u0161inu sv\u00e9ho rozpo\u010dtu v\u011bnuje organizaci a svozu t\u011bchto n\u00e1dob. Pouze 6 % rozpo\u010dtu je v\u011bnov\u00e1no podpo\u0159e recyklace. Toto rozd\u011blen\u00ed zdroj\u016f je jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d je v \u010cR m\u00e1lo firem schopn\u00fdch vyr\u00e1b\u011bt plastov\u00fd regranul\u00e1t a pro\u010d se regranul\u00e1t \u010dasto dov\u00e1\u017e\u00ed z N\u011bmecka, kde je levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Podle ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f spole\u010dnosti EKO-KOM je 76 % vyroben\u00fdch obal\u016f p\u0159ed\u00e1no k dal\u0161\u00edmu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a recyklaci. Z toho 44 % vyt\u0159\u00eddili ob\u010dan\u00e9 v syst\u00e9mech obc\u00ed a 56 % bylo vyt\u0159\u00edd\u011bno pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi podniky a obchodn\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika je d\u00edky tomu na t\u0159et\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b v EU v m\u00ed\u0159e zp\u011btn\u00e9ho odb\u011bru plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f. D\u00edky efektivn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu spl\u0148uje \u010cR ji\u017e nyn\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 c\u00edle stanoven\u00e9 pro rok 2025.<\/p>\n

    \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u00e1 kvalitn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 barevn\u00fdch kontejner\u016f. Aktu\u00e1ln\u011b je jich p\u0159es 558 tis\u00edc, co\u017e je v pr\u016fm\u011bru jedno sb\u011brn\u00e9 m\u00edsto na 100 obyvatel. V pr\u016fm\u011bru mus\u00edme uj\u00edt k nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm kontejner\u016fm pouze 90 metr\u016f. V roce 2020 bylo v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 % vyt\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00fdch plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f p\u0159ed\u00e1no k mechanick\u00e9 recyklaci. Zbytek byl zpracov\u00e1n na certifikovan\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed palivo nebo energeticky vyu\u017e\u00edt.<\/p>\n

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    V \u010cR se recykluje pom\u011brn\u011b slu\u0161n\u011b, ale co zbytek sv\u011bta? V\u00edm, \u017ee mi lid\u00e9 \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v USA \u0159\u00edkali, \u017ee tam je recyklace tot\u00e1ln\u00ed podvod, \u017ee se v\u0161e d\u011bl\u00e1 na oko, ale \u017ee se plasty nerecykluj\u00ed. Je to tak?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Bohu\u017eel, situace s recyklac\u00ed plast\u016f v USA nen\u00ed tak r\u016f\u017eov\u00e1, jak by si mnoz\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1li. A\u010dkoliv USA je jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch producent\u016f plastov\u00fdch odpad\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b, jejich kapacita a ochota k recyklaci je nedostate\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

    Podle v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy z mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho akademick\u00e9ho \u010dasopisu \u201eScience Advances\u201c z roku 2019, s n\u00e1zvem \u201eKolik plastov\u00e9ho odpadu vypou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty na pevninu a do mo\u0159e\u201c, Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty produkuj\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed plastov\u00e9ho odpadu. V roce 2016 dos\u00e1hla produkce plastov\u00e9ho odpadu ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech prvn\u00edho m\u00edsta na sv\u011bt\u011b s celkov\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm 42 milion\u016f tun. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159esto\u017ee USA tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze 4 % sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace, stoj\u00ed za produkc\u00ed 17 % celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho plastov\u00e9ho odpadu.<\/p>\n

    Ironi\u00ed je, \u017ee a\u010dkoliv USA \u010dasto kritizuj\u00ed asijsk\u00e9 zem\u011b za zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed plastov\u00fdm odpadem, samy jsou hlavn\u00edm p\u016fvodcem tohoto probl\u00e9mu. Ro\u010dn\u00ed produkce plastov\u00e9ho odpadu na obyvatele v USA je 130,1 kg.<\/p>\n

    Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee tento probl\u00e9m nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zkou \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zkou glob\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti. A\u010dkoliv existuj\u00ed v USA snahy o zlep\u0161en\u00ed recyklace a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed produkce plastov\u00e9ho odpadu, st\u00e1le je zde mnoho pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ud\u011bl\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

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    Um\u00edme \u0159\u00edci, kolik % se z recyklovateln\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f (pap\u00edr, plast, sklo, kov atd.) opravdu zrecykluje na n\u011bco u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho? Jak\u00fd je skute\u010dn\u00fd pod\u00edl recyklace recyklovateln\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f v \u010cR?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Kdy\u017e se bav\u00edme o recyklaci v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 m\u00edt na pam\u011bti n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch bod\u016f, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed celkov\u00fd obraz.<\/p>\n

    Zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fadaje o recyklaci:<\/strong> V minulosti byly prezentov\u00e1ny \u00fadaje, kter\u00e9 mohly ve\u0159ejnost v\u00e9st k myln\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b o skute\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e recyklace plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad spole\u010dnost EKO-KOM uv\u00e1d\u011bla, \u017ee m\u00edra recyklace plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f dos\u00e1hla a\u017e 69 %. Av\u0161ak toto \u010d\u00edslo zahrnovalo v\u0161echny plasty, kter\u00e9 pro\u0161ly t\u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edmi linkami, bez ohledu na to, zda byly skute\u010dn\u011b recyklov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

    Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon o odpadech:<\/strong> Od roku 2021 m\u00e1me nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon o odpadech, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m klade nov\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. Z\u00e1kon zakazuje skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e vyt\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00e9ho odpadu s v\u00fdh\u0159evnost\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 6,5 MJ\/kg v su\u0161in\u011b. To v podstat\u011b znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161e, co dob\u0159e ho\u0159\u00ed, by mohlo b\u00fdt vyu\u017eito sp\u00e1len\u00edm. Je to krok spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm sm\u011brem, ale st\u00e1le m\u00e1me co zlep\u0161ovat.<\/p>\n

    Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed data od Ekokomu:<\/strong> Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed data, v \u010cR tvo\u0159\u00ed 2\/3 celkov\u00e9ho objemu t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00e9ho obalov\u00e9ho odpadu pap\u00edr, sklo, n\u00e1pojov\u00e9 kartony a kov. U t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f je m\u00edra recyklace dlouhodob\u011b okolo 80 %. U plast\u016f je m\u00edra recyklace odhadov\u00e1na na 40 %, co\u017e je pod c\u00edlem EU stanoven\u00fdm na 50 % do roku 2025.<\/p>\n

    A\u010dkoliv m\u00e1me v \u010cR vysokou m\u00edru t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed odpadu, skute\u010dn\u00e1 recyklace, zejm\u00e9na plast\u016f, je st\u00e1le v\u00fdzvou. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby byly p\u0159ijaty dal\u0161\u00ed kroky k podpo\u0159e skute\u010dn\u00e9 recyklace a nejen energetick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpadu. Mus\u00edme se zam\u011b\u0159it na to, jak m\u016f\u017eeme tento syst\u00e9m d\u00e1le vylep\u0161it a jak m\u016f\u017eeme dos\u00e1hnout vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f stanoven\u00fdch EU.<\/p>\n

    A te\u010f ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed data od Ekokomu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed data od Ekokomu, m\u016f\u017eeme si vytvo\u0159it jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obr\u00e1zek o situaci recyklace v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice.<\/p>\n

    V\u011bt\u0161ina, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b dv\u011b t\u0159etiny, t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00e9ho obalov\u00e9ho odpadu v na\u0161\u00ed zemi je tvo\u0159ena pap\u00edrem, sklem, n\u00e1pojov\u00fdmi kartony a kovem. U t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f je m\u00edra recyklace stabiln\u00ed a dlouhodob\u011b se pohybuje kolem 80 %. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny tyto obalov\u00e9 odpady jsou sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1ny k materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 recyklaci.<\/p>\n

    Co se t\u00fd\u010de spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00fdch plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159etinu t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00e9ho odpadu, situace je trochu slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V roce 2020 bylo k mechanick\u00e9 recyklaci p\u0159ed\u00e1no v\u00edce ne\u017e 40 % t\u011bchto plast\u016f z mno\u017estv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bylo p\u016fvodn\u011b t\u0159\u00edd\u011bno. Zbytek t\u011bchto plast\u016f byl bu\u010f zpracov\u00e1n na certifikovan\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed palivo, energeticky vyu\u017eit, nebo pokud nebyl jinak vyu\u017eiteln\u00fd, byl skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na odhady pro rok 2020 v kontextu aktu\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdch pravidel, o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me, \u017ee podle nov\u00e9 evidence bude recyklov\u00e1no p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 87 % pap\u00edrov\u00fdch obal\u016f, 83 % sklen\u011bn\u00fdch obal\u016f a 61 % kovov\u00fdch obal\u016f. U t\u011bchto materi\u00e1l\u016f tedy m\u016f\u017eeme o\u010dek\u00e1vat spln\u011bn\u00ed c\u00edl\u016f EU bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch komplikac\u00ed. U plast\u016f je situace trochu jin\u00e1. M\u00edra recyklace plast\u016f je odhadov\u00e1na na 40 %, co\u017e je pod c\u00edlem EU stanoven\u00fdm na 50 % do roku 2025. EU n\u00e1m v\u0161ak poskytuje ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das na p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se t\u011bmto nov\u00fdm po\u017eadavk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

    Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee a\u010dkoliv jsme v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech recyklace na dobr\u00e9 cest\u011b, st\u00e1le m\u00e1me p\u0159ed sebou mnoho pr\u00e1ce, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti recyklace plast\u016f.<\/p>\n

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    Tak\u017ee, kdy\u017e se v\u0161echno nerecykluje, tak si mo\u017en\u00e1 n\u011bkdo \u0159ekne, \u017ee t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed nem\u00e1 smysl. J\u00e1 to ale vid\u00edm tak, \u017ee je lep\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddit (i to, co se d\u00e1le nezpracov\u00e1v\u00e1), ne\u017e aby se odpad v\u00e1lel n\u011bkde v lese nebo u \u0159eky. Co se d\u011bje s plasty, kter\u00e9 se nerecykluj\u00ed?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Je pravda, \u017ee mnoho lid\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pocit, \u017ee pokud se v\u0161echno nerecykluje, t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed nem\u00e1 smysl. Ale mus\u00edme si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee \u017eijeme v dob\u011b, kdy se technologie neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edjej\u00ed a zlep\u0161uj\u00ed. To, co dnes nem\u016f\u017eeme \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b recyklovat, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z\u00edtra zpracov\u00e1no d\u00edky nov\u00fdm technologi\u00edm. T\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed odpadu n\u00e1m tak\u00e9 d\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost l\u00e9pe rozum\u011bt tomu, jak\u00fd odpad produkuje na\u0161e spole\u010dnost, a t\u00edm n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje l\u00e9pe pl\u00e1novat a investovat do budouc\u00edch technologi\u00ed a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Pokud jde o plasty, kter\u00e9 se nerecykluj\u00ed, situace je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: V\u011bt\u0161ina plast\u016f ze \u017elut\u00fdch kontejner\u016f v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je recyklov\u00e1na zhruba z 50 %. Zbytek, zejm\u00e9na v m\u011bstech s komun\u00e1ln\u00edmi spalovnami, je energeticky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n. V m\u011bstech, kde spalovna nen\u00ed, se \u010d\u00e1st plastov\u00e9ho odpadu p\u0159epravuje do nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch spaloven. N\u011bkter\u00e9 plasty mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 pou\u017eity jako slo\u017eka v tuh\u00fdch alternativn\u00edch palivech.<\/p>\n

    Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee i kdy\u017e se n\u011bkter\u00e9 plasty nerecykluj\u00ed, jejich energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed je st\u00e1le lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nechat je le\u017eet na skl\u00e1dk\u00e1ch nebo je nekontrolovan\u011b vypou\u0161t\u011bt do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed plast\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159echodn\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm, dokud nebudou k dispozici lep\u0161\u00ed technologie recyklace nebo dokud se nezm\u011bn\u00ed na\u0161e spot\u0159ebn\u00ed n\u00e1vyky.<\/p>\n

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    V posledn\u00edch letech se hodn\u011b rozmohly kombinovan\u00e9 obaly, prezentuj\u00ed se jako n\u011bco v\u00edc \u201eeko\u201c (nejl\u00e9pe to jde vid\u011bt na kel\u00edmku od jogurtu: plastov\u00fd kel\u00edmek, obalen\u00fd pap\u00edrem (nebo jin\u00fdm druhem plastu – mysl\u00edm ten plast t\u0159eba okolo miner\u00e1ln\u00edch vod, okolo lahve od \u0161amponu, PET lahve atd. Co je to v\u011bt\u0161inou za plast a jde recyklovat?), v\u00ed\u010dko z hlin\u00edku. Z okol\u00ed vid\u00edm, \u017ee to lidi nebav\u00ed \u201cpitvat\u201d a t\u0159\u00eddit obal na d\u00edl\u010d\u00ed materi\u00e1ly. Jak to vn\u00edm\u00e1\u0161 ty? Co mysl\u00ed\u0161, \u017ee je \u201cekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201d?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Kombinovan\u00e9 obaly se v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b skute\u010dn\u011b staly popul\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, \u010dasto pod z\u00e1minkou ekologi\u010dnosti nebo lep\u0161\u00ed ochrany produktu. Je pravda, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 kombinovan\u00e9 obaly mohou prodlou\u017eit trvanlivost potravin a sn\u00ed\u017eit tak mno\u017estv\u00ed potravinov\u00e9ho odpadu. Av\u0161ak z hlediska recyklace p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdzvu.<\/p>\n

    Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na b\u011b\u017en\u00fd jogurtov\u00fd kel\u00edmek, m\u00e1me zde plastov\u00fd kel\u00edmek, pap\u00edrov\u00fd obal a hlin\u00edkov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u010dko. Z hlediska spot\u0159ebitele je to slo\u017eit\u00e9 na t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed, a mnoho lid\u00ed to skute\u010dn\u011b neud\u011bl\u00e1. Z ekologick\u00e9ho hlediska je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby byly materi\u00e1ly odd\u011bleny, aby mohly b\u00fdt spr\u00e1vn\u011b recyklov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

    Co se t\u00fd\u010de plast\u016f obaluj\u00edc\u00edch lahve nebo \u0161ampony, m\u016f\u017ee to b\u00fdt r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy plast\u016f, ale \u010dasto se jedn\u00e1 o polyetyl\u00e9n (PE) nebo polypropylen (PP). Tyto plasty jsou obecn\u011b recyklovateln\u00e9, ale pokud jsou kombinov\u00e1ny s jin\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly, m\u016f\u017ee to komplikovat proces.<\/p>\n

    Osobn\u011b si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee bychom m\u011bli sm\u011b\u0159ovat k jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edm obal\u016fm, kter\u00e9 jsou snadno recyklovateln\u00e9 a nevy\u017eaduj\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed od spot\u0159ebitele. Zat\u00edmco kombinovan\u00e9 obaly mohou m\u00edt sv\u00e9 v\u00fdhody v ur\u010dit\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch, m\u011bli bychom se sna\u017eit minimalizovat jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed tam, kde to je mo\u017en\u00e9. Je tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby v\u00fdrobci a zna\u010dky byly transparentn\u00ed v komunikaci o tom, jak t\u0159\u00eddit a recyklovat jejich obaly, a poskytovaly spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm jasn\u00e9 pokyny.<\/p>\n

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    I kdy\u017e se zaj\u00edm\u00e1m o recyklaci a obecn\u011b odpad, stejn\u011b jsem dost \u010dasto zmaten\u00e1 a nev\u00edm, zda n\u011bco hodit do \u017elut\u00e9ho kontejneru nebo ne, proto\u017ee obal v\u00fdrobku mnohdy obsahuje v\u00edce materi\u00e1l\u016f, ale nejsou na obale uvedeny. Nebo zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd plast na plastu, n\u011bkter\u00fd lze recyklovat, jin\u00fd ne. Viz foto, tady to v\u00fdrobce uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee se m\u00e1 odstranit, ale ne v\u017edy je to uvedeno a obal p\u016fsob\u00ed stejn\u011b. Jak je to dle z\u00e1kona co v\u00fdrobce mus\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bt?<\/p>\n

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    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> M\u00e1\u0161 naprostou pravdu, \u017ee recyklace a t\u0159\u00edd\u011bn\u00ed odpadu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pro mnoho lid\u00ed zmaten\u00e9, a to zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli kombinovan\u00fdm obal\u016fm a nejasn\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm na produktech. V\u00fdrobci v \u010cR nejsou povinni uv\u00e1d\u011bt recykla\u010dn\u00ed symboly na obalech, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit zmatek u spot\u0159ebitel\u016f. Z\u00e1kon o obalech stanovuje, jak\u00e9 informace by m\u011bly b\u00fdt na obalech uvedeny, ale recykla\u010dn\u00ed symboly nejsou povinn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

    Pokud jde o plast na plastu, je to skute\u010dn\u011b komplikovan\u00e9. N\u011bkter\u00e9 plasty jsou snadno recyklovateln\u00e9, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 ne. Pokud v\u00fdrobce uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee plast by m\u011bl b\u00fdt odstran\u011bn p\u0159ed recyklac\u00ed, je to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b proto, \u017ee tento konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed plast nen\u00ed recyklovateln\u00fd nebo by mohl zkomplikovat recykla\u010dn\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n

    Co se t\u00fd\u010de toho, co by m\u011bli v\u00fdrobci uv\u00e1d\u011bt na obalech, z\u00e1kon o obalech stanovuje minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadavky na informace, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt na obalech uvedeny. To zahrnuje informace o slo\u017een\u00ed obalu, ale ne konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed recykla\u010dn\u00ed symboly. V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mnoho v\u00fdrobc\u016f uv\u00e1d\u00ed recykla\u010dn\u00ed symboly dobrovoln\u011b, ale nejsou k tomu z\u00e1konem povinni.<\/p>\n

    Osobn\u011b si mysl\u00edm, \u017ee by bylo u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9, kdyby v\u00fdrobci byli povinni uv\u00e1d\u011bt jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace o recyklaci na sv\u00fdch produktech. To by mohlo pomoci spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm l\u00e9pe rozum\u011bt, jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b t\u0159\u00eddit odpad a co s n\u00edm d\u011blat d\u00e1le. Ale dokud se to nestane, je na n\u00e1s, spot\u0159ebitel\u00edch, abychom se co nejv\u00edce informovali a sna\u017eili se t\u0159\u00eddit odpad co nejlep\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“dd44a80f-e178-438e-ae1f-7d2385f28960″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

    Zde je p\u00e1r obr\u00e1zk\u016f, m\u016f\u017ee\u0161 n\u00e1m osv\u011btlit, co znamenaj\u00ed?<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

    Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Je pot\u0159eba znovu p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee aktu\u00e1ln\u011b platn\u00e1 legislativa nevy\u017eaduje povinnost informovat o zp\u016fsobu nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s obaly. Povinnost se t\u00fdk\u00e1 pouze obal\u016f uveden\u00fdch v legislativ\u011b o odpadech, chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch \u010di l\u00e9\u010divech. A tak se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t, \u017ee na b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m kel\u00edmku od jogurtu nemus\u00edme v\u017edy naj\u00edt informaci, z kter\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je vyroben, ani jak s n\u00edm nejl\u00e9pe nalo\u017eit po spot\u0159ebov\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu. Rozhodnut\u00ed je v t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edpadech na v\u00fdrobc\u00edch produkt\u016f.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Snimek-obrazovky-99.png“ title_text=“Kel\u00edmek od jogurtu“ _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“32fecfd5-025d-42fc-9828-d86bb0da2821″ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Snimek-obrazovky-94-1.png“ title_text=“Pan\u00e1\u010dek a odpadkov\u00fd ko\u0161“ _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“32fecfd5-025d-42fc-9828-d86bb0da2821″ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

    Pan\u00e1\u010dek a odpadkov\u00fd ko\u0161:<\/strong> zna\u010dka, kter\u00e1 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee tento odpad lze likvidovat b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem (\u017ee odpad pat\u0159\u00ed do komun\u00e1ln\u00edho\/sm\u011bsn\u00e9ho odpadu. Jedn\u00e1 se o symbol, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed povinn\u00fd (tzn., \u017ee ho v\u00fdrobce obalu nemus\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u011bt.) Tento symbol se m\u016f\u017ee vyskytnout tak\u00e9 p\u0159e\u0161krtnut\u00fd<\/strong> (tzn., \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd odpad a nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vhozen do norm\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu).<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/recycle-15172_1280.jpg“ title_text=“Recykla\u010dn\u00ed troj\u00faheln\u00edk“ _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“32fecfd5-025d-42fc-9828-d86bb0da2821″ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“71bce9ad-9a5c-4bc0-a49d-5ef17a0a743b“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

    Zdroj obr\u00e1zku: pixabay.com<\/p>\n

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    Recykla\u010dn\u00ed troj\u00faheln\u00edk:<\/strong> zna\u010dka se m\u016f\u017ee vyskytovat ve dvou variant\u00e1ch uveden\u00fdch na obr\u00e1zku v\u00fd\u0161e. Troj\u00faheln\u00edk b\u00fdv\u00e1 dopln\u011bn:\u00a0<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. a) p\u00edsemnou zkratkou druhu materi\u00e1lu,<\/li>\n
    2. b) \u010d\u00edslem druhu materi\u00e1lu,<\/li>\n
    3. c) p\u00edsemnou zkratkou i \u010d\u00edslem druhu materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=“https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Snimek-obrazovky-97-1.png“ title_text=“Zelen\u00fd bod“ _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“32fecfd5-025d-42fc-9828-d86bb0da2821″ global_colors_info=“{}“][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Zelen\u00fd bod:<\/strong> tato zna\u010dka \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee za tento obal byl uhrazen finan\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek na zp\u011btn\u00fd odb\u011br a jeho dal\u0161\u00ed recyklaci a vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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      Vybran\u00e9 zkratky<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Materi\u00e1l<\/strong><\/td>\nP\u00edsemn\u00e1 zkratka<\/strong><\/td>\n\u010c\u00edseln\u00e1 zkratka<\/strong><\/td>\nRecyklovatelnost<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Polyethylen s\u00a0n\u00edzkou hustotou<\/td>\nLDPE<\/td>\n04<\/td>\nano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Orientovan\u00fd polypropylen<\/td>\nOPP<\/td>\nBez ozna\u010den\u00ed<\/td>\nano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Polyethylentereftal\u00e1t<\/td>\nPET<\/td>\n01<\/td>\nano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Hladk\u00e1 lepenka<\/td>\nPAP<\/td>\n21<\/td>\nano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Pap\u00edr a lepenka+plast<\/td>\nC\/PAP<\/td>\n81<\/td>\nZna\u010dka C\/cokoli znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd je t\u0159eba vyhodit do sm\u011bsn\u00e9ho<\/strong> odpadu (v\u00fdjimkou jsou n\u00e1pojov\u00e9 kartony).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      \u010cir\u00e9 sklo<\/td>\nGL<\/td>\n70<\/td>\nano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Hn\u011bd\u00e9 sklo<\/td>\nGL<\/td>\n72<\/td>\nano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      Zelen\u00e9 sklo<\/td>\nGL<\/td>\n71<\/td>\nano<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      Pokud jsou kontejnery na sklo rozd\u011bleny na dv\u011b barvy, vhazujeme b\u00edl\u00e9 sklo do b\u00edl\u00e9ho kontejneru<\/strong> a zelen\u00e9 a hn\u011bd\u00e9 sklo do zelen\u00e9ho kontejneru<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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      Kdo financuje recyklaci, jsme to my? Nem\u011bli by se na recyklaci a obecn\u011b na v\u0161e spojen\u00e9 s odpadem v\u00edce pod\u00edlet v\u00fdrobci? Pokud by tomu tak bylo, mo\u017en\u00e1 by v\u00edce p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli o mno\u017estv\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00fdch obal\u016f. Mo\u017en\u00e1 by se tak\u00e9 rychleji vyv\u00edjely technologie pro recyklaci a vznikaly by v\u00edce \u201eeko\u201c materi\u00e1ly, co mysl\u00ed\u0161?<\/p>\n

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      Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> U dom\u00e1c\u00edch elektroza\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je recykla\u010dn\u00ed poplatek ji\u017e zahrnut v prodejn\u00ed cen\u011b v\u00fdrobku. V kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku tedy tento poplatek hrad\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edk p\u0159i n\u00e1kupu v\u00fdrobku. Co se t\u00fd\u010de obal\u016f, situace je odli\u0161n\u00e1. Syst\u00e9m sb\u011bru a recyklace obal\u016f v \u010cR zaji\u0161\u0165uje spole\u010dnost EKO-KOM a.s. Tato firma je financov\u00e1na z povinn\u00fdch poplatk\u016f, kter\u00e9 plat\u00ed v\u00fdrobci a dovozci plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f podle z\u00e1kona. D\u00edky tomu EKO-KOM vytvo\u0159il rozs\u00e1hlou a efektivn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 sb\u011brov\u00fdch n\u00e1dob.<\/p>\n

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      Jak\u00e9ho odpadu je obecn\u011b nejv\u00edce? Jak je to se sm\u011bsn\u00fdm (komun\u00e1ln\u00edm) odpadem? Jak se s n\u00edm nej\u010dast\u011bji nakl\u00e1d\u00e1 a pro\u010d?<\/p>\n

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      Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Pokud se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme v\u00fdhradn\u011b na komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpad, jeho nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je st\u00e1le sm\u011bsn\u00fd komun\u00e1ln\u00ed odpad (SKO). Zp\u016fsoby nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed se sm\u011bsn\u00fdm komun\u00e1ln\u00edm odpadem se v r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00edch EU li\u0161\u00ed. V podstat\u011b existuj\u00ed dva hlavn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed: energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed a trval\u00e9 ulo\u017een\u00ed na skl\u00e1dku. Podle hierarchie nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s odpady stanoven\u00e9 sm\u011brnic\u00ed EU m\u00e1 energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpad\u016f p\u0159ednost p\u0159ed jejich ulo\u017een\u00edm na skl\u00e1dku. Toto pravidlo v\u0161ak plat\u00ed za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee je to technicky a ekonomicky provediteln\u00e9. Tato podm\u00ednka nen\u00ed d\u00e1le specifikov\u00e1na, tak\u017ee m\u00edra energetick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed SKO v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch z\u00e1vis\u00ed na odpadov\u00e9 politice dan\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

      V \u010cR se energeticky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 % SKO<\/strong>. Naproti tomu v zem\u00edch jako D\u00e1nsko \u010di \u0160v\u00fdcarsko je to okolo 80 %<\/strong>. \u0160v\u00e9dsko je na \u0161pi\u010dce v mno\u017estv\u00ed energeticky vyu\u017eit\u00e9ho SKO, nebo\u0165 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00edce SKO, ne\u017e kolik samo vyprodukuje, a proto dov\u00e1\u017e\u00ed odpady ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely.<\/p>\n

      N\u00edzk\u00e1 m\u00edra energetick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpad\u016f v \u010cR je d\u016fsledkem dlouhodob\u00e9ho negativn\u00edho postoj st\u00e1tu k t\u00e9to metod\u011b zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento postoj byl ovlivn\u011bn faktory jako vysok\u00e1 investi\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1ro\u010dnost za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed odpad\u016f (ZEVO) \u010di tlakem r\u016fzn\u00fdch ekologick\u00fdch a lobbistick\u00fdch skupin. V bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti by se v\u0161ak situace mohla zm\u011bnit, proto\u017ee nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon o odpadech v\u00edce podporuje energetick\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed jako metodu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed SKO. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se p\u0159ipravuje n\u011bkolik projekt\u016f na v\u00fdstavbu ZEVO.<\/p>\n

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      Pop\u00ed\u0161e\u0161 proces skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, pros\u00edm? Co je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m?<\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

      Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Odpad m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zdrojem energie<\/strong>. P\u0159esto je v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1le nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s odpady, a\u010dkoliv to v podstat\u011b znamen\u00e1 pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed cenn\u00fdmi surovinami. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 80 % v\u0161ech sm\u011bsn\u00fdch komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpad\u016f kon\u010d\u00ed na skl\u00e1dk\u00e1ch, a tento pod\u00edl dokonce m\u00edrn\u011b nar\u016fst\u00e1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

      B\u011bhem skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inu odpadu, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k mnoha slo\u017eit\u00fdm chemick\u00fdm reakc\u00edm. Uvol\u0148uj\u00ed se uhlovod\u00edky (tzv. skl\u00e1dkov\u00e9 plyny) do atmosf\u00e9ry a vznikaj\u00ed pr\u016fsakov\u00e9 vody s toxick\u00fdmi v\u00fdluhy, kter\u00e9 pronikaj\u00ed do zemsk\u00e9 k\u016fry a n\u00e1sledn\u011b do spodn\u00edch vod. Skl\u00e1dky zaberou velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u016fdy a po\u017e\u00e1ry na skl\u00e1dk\u00e1ch nejsou vz\u00e1cnost\u00ed. Po uzav\u0159en\u00ed se skl\u00e1dky st\u00e1vaj\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fdm rizikem pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Argument, \u017ee se v\u017edy jedn\u00e1 o zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 skl\u00e1dky, nen\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Vzhledem k t\u011bmto probl\u00e9m\u016fm dosp\u011bla Evropsk\u00e1 unie, a pozd\u011bji i \u010cesk\u00e1 republika, k n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • je z hlediska vlivu na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a ekonomiky nejm\u00e9n\u011b vhodn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s odpady, proto\u017ee ztr\u00e1c\u00edme materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 a energetick\u00e9 zdroje obsa\u017een\u00e9 v odpadech,<\/li>\n
      • je z hlediska udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho rozvoje pro budoucnost ne\u00fanosn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Evropsk\u00e1 unie vy\u017eaduje od sv\u00fdch \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, aby radik\u00e1ln\u011b omezily skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f podle p\u0159esn\u011b stanoven\u00e9ho harmonogramu a mno\u017estv\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na co se t\u00fd\u010de biologicky rozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9ho komun\u00e1ln\u00edho odpadu. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika v\u0161ak nespl\u0148uje z\u00e1vazky vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ze Sm\u011brnice 1999\/31\/ES o skl\u00e1dk\u00e1ch odpad\u016f a mno\u017estv\u00ed skl\u00e1dkovan\u00fdch odpad\u016f NESNI\u017dUJE. Kv\u016fli nepln\u011bn\u00ed t\u00e9to sm\u011brnice \u010del\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e1 republika mo\u017en\u00fdm sankc\u00edm ze strany Evropsk\u00e9 komise.<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“dd44a80f-e178-438e-ae1f-7d2385f28960″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        I kdy\u017e tedy skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed pomalu zvon\u00ed hrana, mohou se p\u0159i n\u011bm uvol\u0148ovat do \u017dP \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, \u017ee? Jak\u00e9 a jde tomu p\u0159edch\u00e1zet? Co se stane se skl\u00e1dkou za t\u0159eba 50 – 100 let?<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        Ji\u0159\u00ed:<\/strong> Skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f v \u010cR je \u0159\u00edzeno platnou legislativou, kter\u00e1 odkazuje na technick\u00e9 normy. Ty podrobn\u011b specifikuj\u00ed informace a podm\u00ednky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se v\u00fdstavby, provozu, zabezpe\u010den\u00ed, odvodn\u011bn\u00ed a monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed skl\u00e1dek<\/strong>. Pokud je v\u0161e na skl\u00e1dce provozov\u00e1no v souladu s po\u017eadavky t\u011bchto \u010cSN (\u010desk\u00e9 technick\u00e9 normy), nem\u011blo by doch\u00e1zet k ovlivn\u011bn\u00ed okoln\u00ed krajiny, zejm\u00e9na pr\u016fsakov\u00fdmi vodami.<\/p>\n

        Kvalita vod v okol\u00ed skl\u00e1dek je pravideln\u011b monitorov\u00e1na pomoc\u00ed vrt\u016f. Ot\u00e1zkou v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, jak by se postupovalo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b vysok\u00fdch koncentrac\u00ed \u0161kodlivin v ur\u010dit\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b v okol\u00ed skl\u00e1dky. Z m\u00e9ho dosavadn\u00edho zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed a konzultac\u00ed s provozovateli skl\u00e1dek jsem zat\u00edm nedostal jasnou odpov\u011b\u010f. Sp\u00ed\u0161e mi bylo nazna\u010deno, \u017ee takov\u00e1 situace by prost\u011b nem\u011bla nastat.<\/strong><\/p>\n

        P\u0159i skl\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed komun\u00e1ln\u00edch odpad\u016f, kde je zhruba 30 % biologicky rozlo\u017eiteln\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu<\/strong>, prob\u00edhaj\u00ed rozkladn\u00e9 procesy, b\u011bhem nich\u017e se produkuje skl\u00e1dkov\u00fd plyn obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 % metanu. Do t\u011blesa skl\u00e1dky se vrtaj\u00ed otvory, kter\u00fdmi se tento plyn odv\u00e1d\u00ed do kogenera\u010dn\u00ed jednotky, kde se z n\u011bj vyr\u00e1b\u00ed elektrick\u00e1 energie.<\/p>\n

        Podle z\u00e1kona o odpadech mus\u00ed provozovatel skl\u00e1dky z vlastn\u00edch finan\u010dn\u00edch rezerv zajistit n\u00e1slednou p\u00e9\u010di o skl\u00e1dku po jej\u00edm uzav\u0159en\u00ed, a to minim\u00e1ln\u011b po dobu 30 let.<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“dd44a80f-e178-438e-ae1f-7d2385f28960″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        Co technologie ERVOeco? M\u011b se jev\u00ed jako z\u00e1zrak, je to tak, nebo jsem mimo? \ud83d\ude42\u00a0<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“c1471b09-4a99-4ba4-a621-4bad6a5e9619″ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        Ji\u0159\u00ed: <\/strong>Up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno jsem velk\u00fd nad\u0161enec a v\u017edy m\u011b zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 technologie. Av\u0161ak ne\u017e si na n\u011bjakou technologii vytvo\u0159\u00edm vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1zor, pot\u0159ebuji co nejv\u00edce podrobn\u00fdch informac\u00ed o jej\u00edm provozu. Je\u0161t\u011b l\u00e9pe je, kdy\u017e ji mohu vid\u011bt p\u0159\u00edmo v akci.<\/p>\n

        V situaci, kdy \u010cR nen\u00ed schopna zav\u00e9st a nov\u011b provozovat ani l\u00e9ty prov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 a vysoce efektivn\u00ed technologie, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad ZEVO, pova\u017euji za nere\u00e1ln\u00e9, \u017ee by technologie ERVOeco mohla b\u00fdt v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch 10 letech u n\u00e1s re\u00e1ln\u011b zavedena<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

        K tomu je t\u0159eba dodat, \u017ee tato technologie je patentovan\u00e1 a informace o zp\u016fsobu zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f a procesech v t\u00e9to jednotce jsou tak omezen\u00e9, \u017ee je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 technologii objektivn\u011b posoudit.<\/strong> Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e jedin\u00fdm recenzentem je s\u00e1m vyn\u00e1lezce<\/strong> a prodejce, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee p\u016fsobit a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u011b<\/strong>. Z dostupn\u00fdch informac\u00ed na internetov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch jsem vyrozum\u011bl, \u017ee technologie je zalo\u017eena na termick\u00e9m rozkladu odpadn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu bez p\u0159\u00edstupu oxida\u010dn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed, co\u017e je v podstat\u011b pyrol\u00fdza<\/strong>. (Pozn. autora: pyrol\u00fdza je tepeln\u00fd rozklad na (plyn, olej, uhl\u00edk\u2026) materi\u00e1l\u016f (p\u0159. odpad) bez nebo jen s minimem kysl\u00edku za velmi vysok\u00fdch teplot.)<\/p>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=“4.21.0″ _module_preset=“default“ global_colors_info=“{}“]<\/p>\n

        Jirko, moc d\u011bkuji za rozhovor, t\u011b\u0161\u00edm se na dal\u0161\u00ed. ?<\/h4>\n

        [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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