{"id":13125,"date":"2023-09-28T14:50:34","date_gmt":"2023-09-28T12:50:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/?p=13125"},"modified":"2024-05-21T19:39:31","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T17:39:31","slug":"biochemicky-pohled-na-mikroplasty-kolem-nas-rozhovor-s-anjou-bubik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/cs\/blog\/rozhovory-s-experty\/biochemicky-pohled-na-mikroplasty-kolem-nas-rozhovor-s-anjou-bubik\/","title":{"rendered":"Biochemick\u00fd pohled na mikroplasty kolem n\u00e1s – rozhovor s Anjou Bubik"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Anja Bubik, Ph.D.,<\/strong> biochemi\u010dka a v\u011bdkyn\u011b na Fakult\u011b ochrany \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve Velenje<\/strong>, propojuje sv\u00e9 d\u011btsk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy o zdrav\u00ed a toxikologii s aktu\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00fdzkumy v biomedic\u00edn\u011b. Specializuje se na molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed mechanismy nemoc\u00ed<\/strong> a toxick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky l\u00e1tek na \u010dlov\u011bka i \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. <\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00edky sportovn\u00ed kari\u00e9\u0159e si do v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed discipl\u00ednu a t\u00fdmov\u00e9ho ducha<\/strong>, co\u017e obohacuje jej\u00ed pedagogickou \u010dinnost a veden\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch projekt\u016f. Ve v\u00fdzkumu se v\u011bnuje ekotoxikologii a mikroplast\u016fm, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e klade d\u016fraz na praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti student\u016f a spolupr\u00e1ci s komunitou.<\/p>\n

Anja prosazuje minimalistick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke kosmetice<\/strong>, zalo\u017een\u00fd na kvalit\u011b a odborn\u00e9m p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Kde pracujete? \u010c\u00edm se \u017eiv\u00edte?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Na fakult\u011b p\u016fsob\u00edm jako lektor a asistent v oboru \u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a zdrav\u00ed. Pod\u00edl\u00edm se na realizaci z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, ale i specifi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f jako ekotoxikologie, molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed ekologie v ochran\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody, chemie zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek a \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odpadn\u00edch vod.<\/p>\n

Pod\u00edl\u00edm se tak\u00e9 na r\u016fzn\u00fdch projektech na \u0161kole, v sou\u010dasnosti nejaktivn\u011bji ve dvou projektech Erasmus+, jeden \u0159e\u0161\u00ed problematiku zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9ho a promy\u0161len\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru kosmetick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f a druh\u00fd \u0161irokou oblast mikroplast\u016f \u2013 jedna z modern\u011bj\u0161\u00edch (i ekologick\u00fdch) z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vedu a star\u00e1m se o rozvoj studijn\u00ed laborato\u0159e, kde chceme student\u016fm nab\u00eddnout co nejv\u00edce praktick\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se sna\u017e\u00edme laborato\u0159 rozv\u00edjet i v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdm sm\u011brem. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v leto\u0161n\u00edm roce aktualizujeme vybaven\u00ed a metodiky pro detekci a identifikaci mikroplast\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Ve \u0161kole se tak\u00e9 sna\u017e\u00edme spolupracovat s m\u00edstn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, proto se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edme mnoha spole\u010densk\u00fdch akc\u00ed, po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1me letn\u00ed \u0161kolu, v\u011bdeck\u00e9 dny, p\u0159ipravujeme p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ky pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 c\u00edlov\u00e9 skupiny\u2026<\/p>\n

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Ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed va\u0161e profesn\u00ed dovednosti tak\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed ve va\u0161em ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b? (nap\u0159. vyhnete se potravin\u00e1m, kosmetice a dal\u0161\u00edm produkt\u016fm obsahuj\u00edc\u00edm potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie)<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Jedna z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed, kterou v posledn\u00edch letech d\u011bl\u00e1m, je nap\u0159. \u010dten\u00ed deklarac\u00ed kosmetick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f ohledn\u011b obsahu mikroplast\u016f. Ale kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1m hloub\u011bji, d\u00e1v\u00e1m si velk\u00fd pozor na p\u016fvod produktu. Pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9, vyb\u00edr\u00e1m si slovinsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce, nebo alespo\u0148 v\u00fdrobce z EU. Hled\u00e1m produkty, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed co nejm\u00e9n\u011b odpadu\u2026<\/p>\n

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Pro\u010d je plast v dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed? Dok\u00e1\u017eeme si v\u016fbec p\u0159edstavit \u017eivot bez n\u011bj?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Vyn\u00e1lez plastu na b\u00e1zi syntetick\u00fdch polymer\u016f na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed (v roce 1907) nav\u017edy zm\u011bnil \u017eivot a bez n\u011bj si jej prakticky nedovedeme p\u0159edstavit. Plast je jedn\u00edm z nejuniverz\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f, jak\u00fd byl kdy vyroben \u2013 je levn\u00fd, lehk\u00fd, pevn\u00fd a poddajn\u00fd \u2013 v\u00fdsledkem je prakticky neomezen\u00fd po\u010det mo\u017en\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed. Proto\u017ee plast je tak roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed modernitu plastem a oce\u00e1ny plastovou pol\u00e9vkou.<\/p>\n

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Co je mikroplast a kde jej najdeme?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Podle definice Evropsk\u00e9 agentury pro chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (ECHA) jsou mikroplasty mal\u00e9, pevn\u00e9, ve vod\u011b nerozpustn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice polymeru o velikosti men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5 mm.<\/p>\n

D\u00e1 se naj\u00edt prakticky na ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku. Co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mikroplasty mohou b\u00fdt surovinou pro v\u00fdrobu v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch produkt\u016f (nap\u0159. vl\u00e1kna, granule,\u2026), mikroplasty vznikaj\u00ed p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, t\u0159en\u00ed a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b vznikaj\u00ed i t\u00edm, kdy\u017e se produkt st\u00e1v\u00e1 odpadem, zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1 a rozpad\u00e1 se pod r\u016fzn\u00fdmi vlivy\u2026<\/p>\n

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Co v\u00e1s p\u0159ivedlo ke zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed mikroplast\u016f v kosmetice a produktech osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Moje anga\u017em\u00e1 v tomto oboru za\u010dalo v roce 2016, kdy jsem kv\u016fli narozen\u00ed druh\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte chyb\u011bla v pr\u00e1ci a na popud kamar\u00e1dky jsem za\u010dala \u201cinterpretovat\u201c deklarace r\u016fzn\u00fdch produkt\u016f. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro d\u011bti. A z tohoto po\u017eadavku se my\u0161lenka p\u0159esunula z gau\u010de do pr\u00e1ce, kde jsme v roce 2018 s na\u0161\u00edm absolventem ud\u011blali prvn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozbor – konkr\u00e9tn\u011b obsah syntetick\u00fdch polymer\u016f a mikro\u010d\u00e1stic v zubn\u00edch past\u00e1ch ve Slovinsku.<\/p>\n

A pak se p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh odv\u00edjel s\u00e1m od sebe, jak jsem dost\u00e1vala nov\u00e9 a nov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, nap\u0159. co je PMMA, co je PEG, pro\u010d je tolik r\u016fzn\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch forem PEG, jak\u00e9 jsou jejich funkce, jak se chov\u00e1 p\u0159i kontaktu s k\u016f\u017e\u00ed, co v prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jak se chemik\u00e1lie rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed, pro\u010d jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 polymery pod v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm drobnohledem a jin\u00e9 m\u00e9n\u011b, atd. A tak jsme v roce 2021 vymysleli dva takov\u00e9 projekty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed nejen ekologick\u00fd, ale i velk\u00fd spole\u010densk\u00fd p\u0159\u00ednos.<\/p>\n

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Najdeme mikroplasty (zkr\u00e1cen\u011b MP) v kosmetice a v\u00fdrobc\u00edch osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de, v d\u011btsk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch, v \u010distic\u00edch prost\u0159edc\u00edch? Jakou funkci maj\u00ed tyto \u010d\u00e1stice v produktech?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Mikroplasty mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomny v kosmetick\u00fdch produktech v b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch perli\u010dk\u00e1ch \u2013 tzv. mikroperli\u010dk\u00e1ch. Lze z nich vyr\u00e1b\u011bt m\u00fddla, \u0161ampony, deodoranty, zubn\u00ed pasty, kr\u00e9my proti vr\u00e1sk\u00e1m, hydrata\u010dn\u00ed kr\u00e9my, kr\u00e9my na holen\u00ed, opalovac\u00ed kr\u00e9my, ple\u0165ov\u00e9 masky, rt\u011bnky, o\u010dn\u00ed st\u00edny, d\u011btskou bublinkovou koupel a dal\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mikroperli\u010dky pln\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bji funkce t\u0159en\u00ed, \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a exfoliace \u2013 hovo\u0159\u00edme o abrazivn\u00edm efektu. Co to znamen\u00e1? Brusn\u00fd materi\u00e1l d\u00edky sv\u00e9 tvrdosti brous\u00ed a opot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed l\u00e1tky, nap\u0159. odstran\u011bn\u00ed odum\u0159el\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee. Podle \u00fadaj\u016f obsahuje obli\u010dejov\u00fd peeling v\u00edce ne\u017e 300 000 mikroperli\u010dek.<\/p>\n

Ale MP mohou p\u016fsobit tak\u00e9 jako pojivo, regul\u00e1tor viskozity, emulg\u00e1tor, antistatick\u00fd prost\u0159edek (nap\u0159. vlasov\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de), zahu\u0161\u0165ovadlo, zv\u011bt\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed objemu, jako plnivo, pro tvorbu\/tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed filmu, povrchovou \u00fapravu, zlep\u0161en\u00ed chemick\u00e9 a mechanick\u00e9 odolnosti, kontrolovan\u00e9 uvoln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n

Z pohledu \u017eeny je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zd\u016fraznit funkci estetickou – tedy vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed efekty dekorativn\u00ed kosmetiky (nap\u0159. pudry, barviva, \u2026), barevn\u00e9 MP v l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed, struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed efekty barev, zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0159ivost barev, t\u0159pytky, st\u00ednov\u00e1n\u00ed, efekt \u201eoptick\u00e9ho rozmaz\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c\u00a0(nap\u0159. vr\u00e1sky).<\/p>\n

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Pro\u010d jsou mikroplasty v kosmetice a dal\u0161\u00edch produktech problematick\u00e9?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Jednou z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed plastu je, \u017ee je prakticky nezni\u010diteln\u00fd. Jednodu\u0161e to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee kdy\u017e se dostane do prost\u0159ed\u00ed, hromad\u00ed se tam. D\u00edky sv\u00fdm mal\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm dok\u00e1\u017ee proj\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00fdmi bari\u00e9rami, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi \u010di um\u011bl\u00fdmi, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u00e1 i velmi velkou vaznou plochu. Dnes m\u016f\u017eeme vid\u011bt v\u00fdzkumy, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee mikroplasty mohou b\u00fdt i p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010dem polutant\u016f \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Skute\u010dn\u00e9 posouzen\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b dopad\u016f mikroplast\u016f nelze odhadnout, proto\u017ee mno\u017estv\u00ed plastov\u00fdch komponent pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b v kosmetice a p\u0159\u00edpravc\u00edch pro osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di nen\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u011b dostupn\u00e9 a m\u016f\u017ee se tak\u00e9 li\u0161it. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed unie pro ochranu p\u0159\u00edrody a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f odhaduje, \u017ee kosmetika a produkty osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed 2 % prim\u00e1rn\u00edch mikroplast\u016f v oce\u00e1nech (ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se syntetick\u00fdmi textiln\u00edmi vl\u00e1kny a pry\u017eov\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1sticemi, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 %).<\/p>\n

Rostou tak\u00e9 celosv\u011btov\u00e9 obavy z \u00fa\u010dink\u016f mikroplast\u016f v mo\u0159sk\u00fdch i sladkovodn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli mal\u00e9 velikosti mikroplast\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou tak biologicky dostupn\u00e9 organism\u016fm v cel\u00e9 mo\u0159sk\u00e9 potravn\u00ed s\u00edti. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee d\u00edky sv\u00e9 mal\u00e9 velikosti je MP p\u0159i po\u017eit\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u011b biologicky dostupn\u00fd pro \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu organism\u016f. V\u00fdzkum ji\u017e tak\u00e9 uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee mikroplasty maj\u00ed negativn\u00ed vliv na zdrav\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch organism\u016f. Mo\u017enosti p\u0159enosu potravn\u00edm \u0159et\u011bzcem, stejn\u011b jako biomagnifikace toxin\u016f v mikro\u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch, mohou p\u0159\u00edmo zp\u016fsobit toxicitu u lid\u00ed p\u0159i sn\u011bzen\u00ed mo\u0159sk\u00fdch plod\u016f.<\/p>\n

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Existuj\u00ed v kosmetice n\u011bjak\u00e9 ekologi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativy k mikroplastick\u00fdm komponent\u016fm?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b dnes zn\u00e1me a ji\u017e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me mnoho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch alternativ \u2013 drcen\u00e9 vla\u0161sk\u00e9 nebo mandlov\u00e9 sko\u0159\u00e1pky, oves, cukr, jojobov\u00e1 \u010di makov\u00e1 sem\u00ednka, vosky (v\u010del\u00ed vosk, vosk z r\u00fd\u017eov\u00fdch otrub, jojobov\u00fd vosk), mo\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159asy, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed oxid k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00fd (k\u0159emen), j\u00edl.<\/p>\n

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Jak p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 je legislativa v oblasti mikroplast\u016f v kosmetice a produktech osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Na \u00farovni EU se v posledn\u00edch letech rychle rozv\u00edj\u00ed legislativa t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se \u00fa\u010delov\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1van\u00fdch mikroplast\u016f do r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Legislativa se v\u0161ak neomezuje pouze na produkty osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de a kosmetiku, ale MP se z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed i do mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch produkt\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b hnojiv, p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f na ochranu rostlin, barev, \u010distic\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f pro dom\u00e1cnost a pr\u016fmysl, \u2026 Mikroplasty se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed i jako materi\u00e1l na sportovi\u0161t\u00edch z um\u011bl\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n

V roce 2019 p\u0159edlo\u017eila ECHA na \u017e\u00e1dost Evropsk\u00e9 komise n\u00e1vrh na omezen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u0159idan\u00fdch MP \u010d\u00e1stic ve spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00fdch nebo profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch. Odhadli, \u017ee toto omezen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit vn\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed mikroplast\u016f do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, co\u017e m\u00e1 pozd\u011bji pozitivn\u00ed vliv na ekosyst\u00e9my a lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee tento n\u00e1vrh zabr\u00e1n\u00ed uvoln\u011bn\u00ed 500 000 tun mikroplast\u016f do 20 let od jeho zaveden\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Omezen\u00ed na \u00farovni EU m\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata do konce lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku (2022). Kv\u016fli obav\u00e1m o \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed ji\u017e n\u011bkolik \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f EU p\u0159ijalo nebo navrhlo vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1kazy z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mikroplast\u016f ve spot\u0159ebn\u00edch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch (nap\u0159. Nizozemsko, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Irsko, It\u00e1lie, Francie). Z\u00e1kazy se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mikro\u010d\u00e1stic v kosmetice, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed abrazivn\u00ed a \u010distic\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek a jsou po pou\u017eit\u00ed spl\u00e1chnuty do odpadu.<\/p>\n

Evropsk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed sdru\u017een\u00ed pro kosmetiku a osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di, ji\u017e v roce 2015 doporu\u010dilo sv\u00fdm \u010dlen\u016fm, aby upustili od pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mikro\u010d\u00e1stic k \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a exfoliaci v kosmetick\u00fdch oplachovac\u00edch produktech a produktech pro osobn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di. Dnes m\u016f\u017eeme pln\u011b ocenit v\u00fdsledky tohoto doporu\u010den\u00ed. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed o 97,6 % siln\u011b potvrzuje \u00fa\u010dinnost dobrovoln\u00e9 iniciativy na\u0161eho odv\u011btv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V posledn\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu omezen\u00ed se p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee po p\u0159ijet\u00ed dokumentu budou mikro\u010d\u00e1stice v oplachovac\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpravc\u00edch zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny, proto\u017ee doporu\u010den\u00ed pro n\u011b jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ji\u017e \u0159adu let a domn\u00edvaj\u00ed se, \u017ee p\u0159echodn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco pro neoplachov\u00e9 produkty, kter\u00e9 tolik nep\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k probl\u00e9m\u016fm \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, je p\u0159edeps\u00e1no 6let\u00e9 p\u0159echodn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9ho maj\u00ed v\u00fdrobci mo\u017enost zm\u011bny (https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transparency\/comitology-register\/screen\/documents\/083921\/1\/consult?lang=en<\/a>).<\/p>\n

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Kdy\u017e mluv\u00edme o polymerov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech a kosmetice, je nutn\u00e9 zd\u016fraznit, \u017ee tyto materi\u00e1ly jsou v obalech p\u0159\u00edtomny, \u017ee? Pro\u010d je aspekt plastov\u00fdch obal\u016f d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd i z pohledu mikroplast\u016f?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Trochu se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na historii, v\u00fdvoj, rozsah pou\u017eit\u00ed plast\u016f\u2026 Podle sdru\u017een\u00ed Plastics Europe se nejv\u00edce (kolem 40 %) plast\u016f vyr\u00e1b\u00ed na obaly a z\u00e1rove\u0148 minim\u00e1ln\u011b polovina je pou\u017eita u jednor\u00e1zov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f a t\u00edm se v\u00fdrobek rychle st\u00e1v\u00e1 odpadem. Pro\u010d je to d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 z hlediska mikroplast\u016f? Hromad\u011bn\u00ed plast\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pokud jde o nekontrolovan\u00e9 skl\u00e1dky, znamen\u00e1 \u010dasem rozpad, zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu a v d\u016fsledku toho vznik a uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed sekund\u00e1rn\u00edho MP do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na druhou stranu si mus\u00edme b\u00fdt v\u011bdomi toho, \u017ee jsme pokro\u010dili i v recykla\u010dn\u00edch procesech. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b skupina plastov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, tedy termoplasty, kter\u00e9 lze recyklovat, je pou\u017eita ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 80 % plastov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mo\u017enosti op\u011btovn\u00e9ho pou\u017eit\u00ed jsou opravdu dobr\u00e9.<\/p>\n

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Existuje zn\u00e1m\u00e1 mobiln\u00ed aplikace Beat the microbead<\/a>, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm pomoci vybrat r\u016fzn\u00e9 produkty a upozornit na p\u0159\u00edtomnost mikroplast\u016f. Ale p\u0159esto\u2026 jak m\u016f\u017ee b\u011b\u017en\u00fd u\u017eivatel zjistit, zda po\u017eadovan\u00fd produkt obsahuje mikroplasty?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Ano, dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m tuto aplikaci, kter\u00e1 funguje pod z\u00e1\u0161titou nadace Plastic Soup Foundation. Jde o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed iniciativu, kter\u00e1 se zasazuje o odstran\u011bn\u00ed plast\u016f z kosmetiky a funguje zhruba 10 let. Jejich datab\u00e1ze je vysoce profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed a aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, v souladu se v\u0161emi navrhovan\u00fdmi skute\u010dnostmi legislativy EU \u2013 co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je i spolehliv\u00e1.<\/p>\n

V roce 2021 jsme se studenty sledovali dynamiku nov\u00fdch produkt\u016f na platform\u011b \u2013 a zjistili jsme, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd po\u010det p\u0159ihl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch produkt\u016f se za 3 m\u011bs\u00edce zv\u00fd\u0161il o 10 %.<\/p>\n

B\u011b\u017en\u00fd u\u017eivatel tak m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik mo\u017enost\u00ed \u2013 v\u0161echny se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed deklarac\u00ed. U\u017eivatel m\u016f\u017ee vyhledat po\u017eadovan\u00fd produkt v online datab\u00e1zi, m\u016f\u017ee si prohl\u00e9dnout prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed a porovnat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eky s t\u011bmi v datab\u00e1zi, lze v\u0161ak pou\u017e\u00edt i mobiln\u00ed aplikaci, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje skenov\u00e1n\u00ed produkt\u016f. Zd\u00e1 se mi, \u017ee dnes existuje mnoho zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak zv\u00fd\u0161it pov\u011bdom\u00ed o plastu v kosmetice.<\/p>\n

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Co jsou PEGy? Jsou tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za mikroplasty, \u017ee? Li\u0161\u00ed se n\u011bjak od ostatn\u00edch mikroplast\u016f?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> PEG je zkratka pro polyethylenglykol – jedn\u00e1 se o syntetick\u00fd polymer, kter\u00fd pro svou rozpustnost ve vod\u011b nespl\u0148uje krit\u00e9ria definice mikroplast\u016f a spolu s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi dal\u0161\u00edmi chemick\u00fdmi formami je vylou\u010den z navrhovan\u00fdch omezen\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed mikroplast\u016f v kosmetice. D\u016fvod? Nemaj\u00ed stejnou dlouhodobou perzistenci, a proto nep\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k identifikovan\u00e9mu riziku. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se ve farmaceutick\u00e9m a kosmetick\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu, najdeme ho v obalech, v textilu\u2026<\/p>\n

N\u00e1zvy PEG se li\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v tom, z kolika z\u00e1kladn\u00edch jednotek je polymer vyroben nebo v jak\u00e9 molekulov\u00e9 hmotnosti (\u010d\u00edslo za n\u00e1zvem PEG). Ty PEG s n\u00edzkou molekulovou hmotnost\u00ed jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou bezbarv\u00e9 kapaliny, zat\u00edmco ty s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi jsou voskovit\u00e9 pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky nebo pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Zn\u00e1me i dal\u0161\u00ed, slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chemick\u00e9 formy PEG – ethery a estery mastn\u00fdch kyselin (ole\u00e1ty, laur\u00e1ty, dilaur\u00e1ty, stear\u00e1ty, distear\u00e1ty).<\/p>\n

Tyto slou\u010deniny se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le kosmetick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed d\u00edky jejich rozpustnosti a viskozit\u011b a jejich n\u00edzk\u00e9 toxicit\u011b. Proto\u017ee mnoho PEG je hydrofiln\u00edch, jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako zesilova\u010de penetrace, zejm\u00e9na v topick\u00fdch dermatologick\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpravc\u00edch.<\/p>\n

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Existuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 studie, kter\u00e9 potvrzuj\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky PEG na na\u0161e zdrav\u00ed a\/nebo \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed? Jak\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jejich dopad na lidi a \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> PEG a jejich deriv\u00e1ty jsou obecn\u011b regulov\u00e1ny jako bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v kosmetice s podm\u00ednkou, \u017ee ne\u010distoty a vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkty, jako je ethylenoxid a 1,4-dioxan, kter\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 karcinogeny, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ed pou\u017eit\u00edm v kosmetick\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpravku odstran\u011bny.<\/p>\n

Tyto slou\u010deniny se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le kosmetick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed d\u00edky sv\u00e9 rozpustnosti a viskozit\u011b a jejich n\u00edzk\u00e9 toxicit\u011b. Zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed mal\u00e9 nebo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed o\u010d\u00ed nebo k\u016f\u017ee a maj\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u011b n\u00edzkou akutn\u00ed a chronickou toxicitu.<\/p>\n

Obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b pronikaj\u00ed neporu\u0161enou k\u016f\u017e\u00ed a vzhledem k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravk\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch PEG a deriv\u00e1ty PEG bylo publikov\u00e1no pouze n\u011bkolik kazuistik hypersenzitivn\u00edch reakc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pacient\u016f vystaven\u00fdch p\u016fsoben\u00ed PEG v l\u00e9c\u00edch nebo po expozici po\u0161kozen\u00e9 nebo chronicky zan\u00edcen\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee. Na zdrav\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ei je p\u0159ecitliv\u011blost na tyto slou\u010deniny zanedbateln\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b dostupn\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f se tedy dosp\u011blo k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee PEG se \u0161irok\u00fdm rozsahem molekulov\u00fdch hmotnost\u00ed (200 a\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 10 000), jejich ethery (laureths, ceteths, ceteareths, steareths a oleths) a estery mastn\u00fdch kyselin (laur\u00e1ty, dilaur\u00e1ty, stearany, distear\u00e1ty) jsou bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro pou\u017eit\u00ed v kosmetice.<\/p>\n

Ne v\u0161echny \u00fadaje jsou v\u0161ak dostupn\u00e9 pro v\u0161echny chemick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpravky (nap\u0159. PEG sorbitan\/estery mastn\u00fdch kyselin sorbitolu, PEG sorbitanov\u00fd v\u010del\u00ed vosk a PEG s\u00f3jov\u00e9 steroly), nejsou zn\u00e1my, tak\u017ee je rozumn\u00e9 postupovat opatrn\u011b. Je tak\u00e9 nutn\u00e9 d\u00e1vat pozor, aby se PEG nepou\u017e\u00edvaly na po\u0161kozenou poko\u017eku.<\/p>\n

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Mohou je v\u00fdrobci nahradit \u201ep\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi\u201c ingrediencemi, jako je Cera alba (v\u010del\u00ed vosk), nebo jeho veganskou alternativou Cetearyl Olivate \u2013 l\u00e1tkou z\u00edskanou z olivov\u00e9ho oleje?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> M\u016f\u017eete. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b to hodn\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na v\u00fdrobci, proto\u017ee v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mus\u00ed v\u011bnovat v\u00edce \u010dasu a prost\u0159edk\u016f v\u00fdvoji produktu, v\u00fdzkumu a testov\u00e1n\u00ed. Po doporu\u010den\u00ed sta\u017een\u00ed mikro\u010d\u00e1stic v\u00fdrobci nasm\u011brovali v\u00fdvoj t\u00edmto sm\u011brem. Zn\u00e1me u\u017e ale mnoho \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f, mezi kter\u00fdmi se nej\u010dast\u011bji nach\u00e1z\u00ed sko\u0159\u00e1pka o\u0159echu.<\/p>\n

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Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee se mikroplasty i p\u0159es omezen\u00ed\/z\u00e1kazy st\u00e1le nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v kosmetick\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u00edch? (kter\u00e9 z\u00e1kony se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed z\u00e1kazy, existuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky)<\/p>\n

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Anja: <\/strong>Omezen\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed MP je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1no na jednotliv\u00e9 zem\u011b, omezen\u00ed se v\u0161ak v\u00e1\u017ee na v\u00fdrobu, dovoz a\/nebo prodej produkt\u016f, nej\u010dast\u011bji \u201eoplachov\u00fdch\u201c. Proto je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd p\u016fvod produktu, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me, a mo\u017en\u00e1 i jeho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u2013 zn\u00e1te to, n\u011bkdy si u\u017eivatel\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 produkty uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed i n\u011bkolik let. Pro\u010d? Pokyny pro bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed produkt\u016f se mohou v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let m\u011bnit.<\/p>\n

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N\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy zmi\u0148uj\u00ed mo\u017enost degradace mikroplast\u016f mikroorganismy. Je to v\u016fbec mo\u017en\u00e9? Mysl\u00edte si, \u017ee se v\u011bci v budoucnu za 20 let zm\u011bn\u00ed k hor\u0161\u00edmu nebo k lep\u0161\u00edmu?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> V \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed zn\u00e1me v\u00edce fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdch proces\u016f rozkladu plast\u016f – hydrol\u00fdza, fotodegradace (degradace vlivem sv\u011btla, UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed), tepeln\u00e1 oxidace (vysok\u00e9 teploty, UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed), rozklad ozonem (za vzniku reaktivn\u00edho kysl\u00edku slou\u010denin), mechanicko-chemick\u00fd rozklad (mechanick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed a US z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed) a biodegradace. Biologicky rozlo\u017eiteln\u00fd znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se materi\u00e1l p\u016fsoben\u00edm mikroorganism\u016f (a jejich enzym\u016f) rozlo\u017e\u00ed na bioplyn a biomasu – v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b plastov\u00fd odpad na CO2, monomern\u00ed slo\u017eky a produkty s potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159idanou hodnotou.<\/p>\n

Biodegradace syntetick\u00fdch polymer\u016f je provediteln\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee trvat dlouho: od 50 do v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 let. Biodegradace je slo\u017eit\u00fd proces, siln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fd na vlastnostech plastu – hmota, hustota, struktura polymeru, p\u0159\u00edsady, funk\u010dn\u00ed skupiny\u2026 D\u00e1le jsou faktory prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 degradaci ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed – abiotick\u00e9 faktory jsou teplota, pH, vlhkost, UV z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, zat\u00edmco biotick\u00e9 faktory jsou nap\u0159. extracelul\u00e1rn\u00ed enzymy, \u017eiviny, hydrofobnost – rozpustnost ve vod\u011b, biologicky aktivn\u00ed povrchy\u2026\u00a0<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e dnes je v\u0161ak k dispozici mnoho laboratorn\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f, kde byly objeveny bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed kmeny schopn\u00e9 rozkl\u00e1dat syntetick\u00e9 polymery.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina v\u00fdzkum\u016f se t\u00fdk\u00e1 PE.<\/p>\n

Budoucnost je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b v bioplastech, kter\u00e9 jsou nav\u00edc biologicky odbourateln\u00e9 \u2013 nap\u0159. \u0161krob a kyselina polyml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

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Cht\u011bla byste dodat n\u011bco d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho\/zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho?<\/p>\n

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Anja:<\/strong> Mikroplast je velmi mal\u00fd materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd je pro lidi \u010dasto neviditeln\u00fd\/skryt\u00fd, ale proto nem\u016f\u017eeme tvrdit, \u017ee neexistuje nebo \u017ee v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00fdm \u010del\u00edme, jsou mnohem men\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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Mikroplasty by se nem\u011bly bagatelizovat nebo p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eet kv\u016fli jejich mal\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13341,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[161,172],"yoast_head":"\nBiochemick\u00fd pohled na mikroplasty kolem n\u00e1s - rozhovor s Anjou Bubik - GreenGate<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mikroplasty by se nem\u011bly bagatelizovat nebo p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eet kv\u016fli jejich mal\u00fdm rozm\u011br\u016fm.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/green-gate.eu\/cs\/blog\/rozhovory-s-experty\/biochemicky-pohled-na-mikroplasty-kolem-nas-rozhovor-s-anjou-bubik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biochemick\u00fd pohled na mikroplasty kolem n\u00e1s - 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